臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

情緒與決策的議題在我們生活中隨處可見，而晚近興起的行為經濟學和神經經濟學則更是從心理學與神經科學的角度來探討相關議題。本研究之主要目的即在探討個體的情緒如何對理性決策產生影響。然而，基於實驗操弄與生態效度等兩項考量，本研究利用電腦化德州撲克牌遊戲，透過在關鍵牌局中的大筆贏輸來引發參與者產生強烈的正、負向情緒，並且藉由他們在後續牌局中下注行為的理性程度來探討情緒對理性決策的影響。
本研究分為兩項實驗。實驗一旨在探討情緒的價與強度對理性決策的影響效果，而實驗二則在探討後設認知因素是否能夠調節情緒對理性決策的影響。透過一項前置實驗的結果，我們首先找出能夠明確導致參與者在情緒的價與強度上產生顯著變化的牌局組合條件。接著，我們透過實驗一來探討情緒的價和強度對理性決策的影響。結果發現：不論其正、負向，被強烈引發的情緒都會導致參與者做出不理性的決策，而且負向情緒所造成的影響效果更甚於正向情緒。
實驗二利用被強烈引發的正、負向情緒以及是否提供客觀勝率資訊這兩項因素，探討後設認知因素對情緒影響效果的調節作用。結果發現：在沒有呈現客觀勝率資訊的情況下，被引發強烈情緒的參與者傾向於做出不理性的決策，而且負向情緒的情況甚於正向情緒。但是如果參與者得到客觀勝率資訊可供參考時，則不論被引發的情緒屬於正向或負向，均能有效地使參與者保持理性而降低強烈情緒所造成的影響。
此外，本文亦對自行創新發展出來的理性指標，以及後續相關研究的發想方向提出詳細的說明與建議，從而期望能夠開啟並且延續利用德州撲克牌這類真實存在的博弈遊戲進行行為經濟學或神經經濟學研究的學術路線。

Issues about the relationship between emotion and decision making are not uncommon in our daily lives. Recently, researchers began to study those issues from an interdisciplinary perspective of psychology and neuroscience and established the new domains of behavioral economics and neuroeconomics. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of emotions on rational decisions. Regarding both problems of experimental manipulation and ecological validity, we decided to design a computerized game of Texas hold’em as the gambling task used in this study. With such a media, we tried to elucidate the participants’ emotions by letting them win or lose a big bet and record their following amounts of bet to reveal the influence of the emotion on the rationality of decision making.
This study was divided into two experiments. Experiment 1 aimed to explore the influences of the valence and arousal of emotion on the rational decision making and Experiment 2 aimed to reveal the possible moderating effects of meta-cognitive factors to the influence of emotion on rationality. With an additional experiment, we first manipulated three independent variables, inclusive of the wining-probability for each card pattern, the result for each play and the total amount of bet for each play to find out the specific combinations of these factors to elucidate emotions with different valences and intensities. Then in Experiment 1, we found that whether positive or negative, intensive emotions leading to irrational decisions. With strong negative emotions, the participants’ decisions became more irrational than in the conditions of strong positive conditions.
In Experiment 2, both the valence of strongly elucidated emotions and the presentation of an objective winning-probability were manipulated to reveal the possible the moderating effect of such a meta-cognitive factor. We found that participants tended to make irrational decisions in the conditions without the meta-cognitive factor. On the other hand, when they were informed by the winning-probability, they could keep their rationality and get rid of the influences of both strong positive and negative emotions.
In this paper, we also provided some descriptions of our inventive contributions and several suggestions for further studies. We sincerely hope that this study will trigger and extend the line of academic research which actually uses real-life gambling situations, e.g., Texas hold'em in the fields of both behavioral economics and neuroeconomics.

第一章 緒論 1
第二章 文獻探討 4
第一節 賭博與決策 4
第二節 情緒與決策 6
第三節 情緒的誘發與測量 8
第三章 研究目的與架構 11
第四章 牌局中的情緒價和強度 12
第一節 研究方法 12
第二節 結果分析 18
第三節 小結與討論 20
第五章 情緒對決策的影響效果 21
第一節 研究方法 21
第二節 結果分析 23
第三節 小結與討論 25
第六章 認知訊息對情緒影響的調節效果 26
第一節 研究方法 26
第二節 結果分析 27
第三節 小結與討論 29
第七章 結論與建議 30
參考文獻 35
一、 中文資料 35
二、 英文資料 35
附錄 39
附錄一 EDA指標的計算 39
附錄二 測量牌局的標準化 41
附錄三 下注金額的分配模式 43
附錄四 事後詢問題目 46
附錄五 實驗一全部牌局劇本 47
附錄六 實驗一同意書 55
附錄七 實驗二關鍵牌局劇本 56
附錄八 實驗二同意書 58

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