臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

經茶小綠葉蟬 (Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli)) 為臺灣茶園中最嚴重害蟲之一，但茶樹一心二葉嫩芽被葉蟬刺吸後，可用以製作白毫烏龍茶 (東方美人茶)，葉蟬刺吸有助提升白毫烏龍風味。本研究探討茶小綠葉蟬之生物學特性，並針對茶小綠葉蟬之飼養作業流程和其在茶園中之管理方法提供理論基礎。經本研究調查，茶小綠葉蟬於新竹縣北埔鄉、新北市石碇區茶園中發生皆以五至七月族群量最多，且在茶園中日夜皆有活動飛行行為，活動行為與溫度、照度無相關，與相對濕度、降雨呈負相關。寄主範圍包括茶樹 (Camellia sinensis)、蓖麻 (Ricinus communis)、花生 (Arachis hypogaea)、蔓花生 (Arachis duranensis)、田菁 (Sesbania cannabiana)、菜豆 (Phaseolus vulgaris)、皇帝豆 (Phaseolus lunatus)、桃樹 (Prunus persica)、桑樹 (Morus alba)、苧麻 (Boehmeria nivea)、柑橘樹 (Citrus sp.)等，其中於茶樹、蓖麻、蔓花生、花生、皇帝豆、菜豆上可完成生活史，但飼養過程中改變寄主種類會顯著提高死亡率。葉蟬雌蟲對茶樹之產卵喜好程度於多種寄主同時存在時顯著高於其他寄主，在不同茶樹品種如青心大冇與青心烏龍間則無顯著差異。不同溫度下葉蟬發育所需時間有顯著差異，此差異同時亦受茶樹品種影響，在金萱 (臺茶 12 號) 上發育時間較青心大冇、青心烏龍為長且存活率較低；飼育溫度介於 22oC-28oC 間時溫度不影響存活率。成蟲羽化後三天內開始產卵，於其後兩週內可產下 92.23% 的卵，雌蟲產卵日齡與其後代存活率無關。根據試驗結果規劃茶小綠葉蟬大量飼養標準流程：自茶園採集茶小綠葉蟬後，在室內以茶苗維持族群待其穩定：將大量十日齡內成蟲置於一心三葉茶芽以取得同一天所產下的卵，將帶有卵的茶芽剪下插入插花海綿保濕，孵化為若蟲後將其接至健康茶樹或茶苗上飼育至成蟲，重複進行飼育過程，以累積足夠量若蟲以施放至田間。飼養流程中成若蟲過於集中或芽梢出現黃化萎凋時進行換籠，使用過的茶苗以清水沖洗積於葉表之蜜露，照一般茶樹進行剪枝施肥管理使其恢復生產力。施放於原無葉蟬族群之茶樹苗圃，結果並未立足，但一心三葉茶芽受其為害率最高達 50%，顯示施放葉蟬可增加茶芽受害比例，達到提高白毫烏龍品質的目的。

The Oriental Beauty Tea is produced from the buds and leaves which are damaged by leafhopper, Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli), the flavor of tea are positively correlated with the population of J. formosana. Biology and mass rearing of J. formosana were studied to provide scientific basis of managing J. formosana in laboratory and in tea plantation during Oriental Beauty Tea growing season. Beipu Township (Hsinchu County) and Shiding District (New Taipei City), the major production areas of Oriental Beauty Tea, had a similar trend of leafhopper population dynamic, highest population density occurred in May to July. Activity of adults are non-correlated with temperature and illuminance and negatively correlated with rainfall and relative humidity. Host range of J. formosana includes tea plant (Camellia sinensis), castor oil plant (Ricinus communis), peanut (Arachis hypogaea), vine peanut (Arachis duranensis), sesbania (Sesbania cannabiana), kidney bean (Phaseolus vulgaris), lima bean (Phaseolus lunatus), peach tree (Prunus persica), mulberry (Morus alba), ramie (Boehmeria nivea), and citrus tree (Citrus sp.), but J. formosana went through complete life cycle only on tea plant, castor oil plant, peanut, vine peanut, lima bean, and kidney bean. While all above hosts were grown at the same place, eggs were laid on all hosts but egg numbers were significant higher on tea plant. Females show no significant difference of oviposition preference among two major tea cultivars for producing Oriental Beauty Tea. Transferring nymphs to different host species during rearing would lower their survival rate. The egg stage and developmental period of nymphs were influenced by both temperature and tea cultivar. Female adults gain sexual maturity in three days after last molt, and laid 92.23% of eggs on buds of host within following two weeks. Female age won’t affect the survival rate of its offspring. A framework of standard operating procedure of mass rearing of J. formosana was constructed based on these results. The establishment of J. formosana was failed after releasing to field, but releasing of J. formosana caused higher percentage of feeding damage on buds of tea seedlings, the releasing could be considered as a potential approach to increase the quality of Oriental Beauty Tea.

口試委員會審定書 #
誌謝 i
中文摘要 ii
ABSTRACT iii
目錄 v
圖目錄 ix
表目錄 x
Chapter 1 前言 1
Chapter 2 往昔研究 4
2.1 茶樹上的葉蟬種類 4
2.1.1 臺灣茶園中的葉蟬種類 4
2.1.2 其他產茶國家茶園中的葉蟬種類 4
2.2 茶小綠葉蟬之研究 5
2.2.1 分類與形態 5
2.2.2 分布與寄主範圍 5
2.2.3 生活史 6
2.2.4 活動習性與族群消長 6
2.3 茶小綠葉蟬刺吸對白毫烏龍茶之影響 7
2.3.1 對產量之影響 7
2.3.2 對品質之影響 7
2.4 管理茶園小綠葉蟬研究 8
2.5 昆蟲大量飼養方法之研究 9
Chapter 3 材料與方法 11
3.1 茶小綠葉蟬種源之取得與維持 11
3.1.1 取得種源 11
3.1.2 種源維持 11
3.2 試驗寄主之栽培管理 12
3.2.1 茶樹苗之栽培管理 12
3.2.2 其他寄主之栽培管理 12
3.3 茶小綠葉蟬田間族群消長與日週活動情形 13
3.3.1 田間族群消長調查 13
3.3.2 日週活動情形調查 13
3.4 茶小綠葉蟬大量飼養寄主植物之選擇 13
3.4.1 茶園及週邊寄主調查 13
3.4.2 對不同寄主適應性 14
3.4.3 產卵寄主喜好性 14
3.4.4 改變寄主試驗 15
3.5 溫度與茶樹品種對葉蟬發育的影響 15
3.6 茶小綠葉蟬產卵高峰期 15
3.6.1 產卵高峰期 15
3.6.2 雌蟲產卵時日齡與後代存活率相關性 16
3.7 施放茶小綠葉蟬 16
Chapter 4 結果 17
4.1 茶小綠葉蟬田間族群消長與日週活動情形 17
4.1.1 田間族群消長調查 17
4.1.2 日週活動情形調查 17
4.2 茶小綠葉蟬飼養寄主植物之選擇 18
4.2.1 茶園及週邊寄主調查 18
4.2.2 對不同寄主適應性 18
4.2.3 產卵寄主喜好性 19
4.2.4 改變寄主試驗 20
4.3 溫度與茶樹品種對葉蟬發育的影響 20
4.4 茶小綠葉蟬產卵高峰期 22
4.4.1 產卵高峰期 22
4.4.2 雌蟲產卵日齡與後代存活率之相關性 22
4.5 施放茶小綠葉蟬 22
Chapter 5 討論 24
5.1 茶小綠葉蟬種源之取得與維持 24
5.1.1 種源取得與運送 24
5.1.2 種源維持 24
5.2 茶小綠葉蟬田間族群消長與日週活動情形 25
5.2.1 田間族群消長 25
5.2.2 日週活動情形 25
5.3 茶小綠葉蟬之寄主植物 25
5.4 溫度與茶樹品種對葉蟬發育的影響 26
5.5 茶小綠葉蟬之產卵 27
5.6 施放茶小綠葉蟬 28
Chapter 6 結論 29
REFERENCE 31
圖 39
表 51
附錄一、世界與臺灣的茶葉產量 55
附錄二、臺灣防治茶小綠葉蟬藥劑種類及使用方法 56
附錄三、三種茶園小綠葉蟬形態特徵比較 59

Backus EA, Serrano MS, Ranger CM. 2005. Mechanisms of hopperburn: an overview of insect taxonomy, behavior, and physiology. Annu Rev Entomol 50: 125-151.
Beyer AH. 1922. Experiments on the biology and tipburn disease of the bean leafhopper, with methods of control, Empoasca mali LeBaron. J Econ Entomol 15: 298-302.
Chambers DL. 1977. Quality control in mass rearing. Annu Rev Entomol 22: 289-308.
Chen HT. 1982. Studies on the population fluctuation of the egg parasitoids of tea leaf hopper. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 1: 50-63. (in Chinese)
Chen HT, Liew TL, Kao MC, Hu CC. 1978. Ecological studies on the tea leafhopper, Empoasca formosana Paoli and its control. Plant Prot Bull 20: 93-105. (in Chinese)
Chen IZ. 2006. Taiwan tea breeding. Seed &; Nursery (Taiwan) 8: 1-20. (in Chinese)
Chen IZ, Chen YL, Chen HT, Lo WS. 1991. Relationship of quality in tea making of injured instant tea by smaller green leaf-hopper. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 1990. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 54-57. (in Chinese)
Chen ZM, Chen XF. 1989. An analysis on the world tea pest fauna. J Tea Sci 9: 13-22.
Cheng HY, Fan HJ. 2009. Study on the application of pest control lights in tea cultivation and management. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 2008. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 54-55. (in Chinese)
Chiang CC. 1989. Typhlocybinae of Taiwan (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) [Dissertation]. Taipei: National Taiwan University. 354 pp. (in Chinese)
Chien CC, Chou LY, Chang SC. 2000. Introduction, propagation, and liberation of two parasitoids for the control of spiraling whitefly (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) in Taiwan. Chinese J Entomol 20: 163-178. (in Chinese)
Chiu CF, Lin JC, Huang CC, Lin JH, Shiau JH. 2009. New Cultivar of Black Tea-TTES No. 21. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 28: 1-18. (in Chinese)
Chu YI, Wang SC, Cheng SH. 1978. Methods of mass rearing of Spodoptera litura. Plant Prot Bull 18: 173-182. (in Chinese)
Corrigan JE, Lashomb JH. 1990. Host influences on the bionomics of Edovum puttleri (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae): effects on size and reproduction. Environ Entomol 19: 1496-1502.
Cranham JE. 1966. Tea pests and their control. Annu Rev Entomol 11: 491-514.
Decante D, van Helden M. 2008. Spatial and temporal distribution of Empoasca vitis within a vineyard. Agri Forest Entomol 10: 111-118.
DeLong DM. 1971. The bionomics of leafhoppers. Annu Rev Entomol 16: 179-210.
Dworakowska I. 1984. Studies on Typhlocybinae of Malasyia and Singapore (Homoptera, Auchenorrhyncha, Cicadellidae). Reichenbachia 22: 1-21.
Fu JY, Han BY. 2005. A molecular analysis on genetic relationships among individuals of tea leafhopper. Bull Sci Tech 21: 549-556. (in Chinese)
Gill MJE. 1992. Speciality and herbal teas. In: Willson KC, Clifford MN, (eds). Tea: cultivation to consumption. Chapman &; Hall, London. pp 513-534.
Hazarika LK, Bhuyan M, Hazarika BN. 2009. Insect pests of tea and their management. Annu Rev Entomol 54: 267-284.
Hokkanen HMT. 1991. Trap cropping in pest management. Annu Rev Entomol 36: 119-138.
Hu CC. 1973. An ecological study on Taiwan lesser green leaf-hopper (Chlorita formosana Paoli). In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 1972. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 189-192. (in Chinese)
Hu CY, Lee CJ. 2005. Effect of smaller green leafhoppers feeding on the aroma of Formosa Oolong Tea. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 24: 65-76. (in Chinese)
Hu Q. 2009. Studies on effect of tea garden environments and cultivation measures on leafhoppers and araneids and control over leafhopper [Thesis]. Chongqing: Southwest University. 67 pp. (in Chinese)
Huang CC, Tsay JG, Cheng MF. 1996. Preliminary survey on the diseases and insect pests of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) in Chiayi mountain area. J Natl Chia-Yi institute Agri 47: 119-128. (in Chinese)
Jin S, Sun XL, Chen ZM, Xiao B. 2012. Resistance of different tea cultivars to Empoasca vitis Gothe. Scientia Agricultura Sinica 45: 255-265. (in Chinese)
Juan IM, Chen YL, Chen HT. 1991. Studies on the improvement of oolong tea manufacturing process and change of its flavours components. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 1990. TRES, Taoyuan Taiwan. pp 64-66. (in Chinese)
Kosugi Y. 2000. Influence of injury by tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda on leaves in new shoots of tea plants. Jpn Tea Res J 88: 1-8. (in Japanese)
Kosugi Y. 2010. A laboratory method for rearing tea green leafhopper, Empoasca onukii Matsuda by using tea seedlings as oviposition sites and as food. Jpn Tea Res J 109: 57-64. (in Japanese)
Lee CY. 2006. Mass production of Tetranychus urticae Koch and its applications [Dissertation]. Taipei: National Taiwan University. 105 pp. (in Chinese)
Lee TC, Chang CK. 2003. Tea germplasm resources in Taiwan. Taoyuan: TRES. 205 pp. (in Chinese)
Muraleeharan N. 1992. Pest control in Asia. In: Willson KC, Clifford MN, (eds). Tea: cultivation to consumption. Chapman &; Hall, London. pp 375-412.
Nakamori H, Soemori H. 1981. Comparison of dispersal ability and longevity for wild and mass-reared melon flies, Dacus cucurbitae Coquillett (Diptera: Tephritidae), under field conditions. Appl Entomol Zool 16: 321-327.
Qin DZ. 2003. Taxonomic study on Chinese Empoascini (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) [Dissertation]. Shaanxi: Northwest Sci-Tech University. 198 pp. (in Chinese)
Qin HG, Li JC, Mu D, Hu Q, Huang Y, Han BY. 2008. Discussion on forecasting on population dynamics of tea green leafhopper based on temporal sequence autoregression model. J Anhui Agri University 35: 564-570. (in Chinese)
Ragsdale DW, Voegtlin DJ, O''Neil RJ. 2004. Soybean aphid biology in North America. Annu Entomol Soc Am 97: 204-208.
Raupach K, Borgemeister C, Hommes M, Poehling H-M, Setamou M. 2002. Effect of temperature and host plants on the bionomics of Empoasca decipiens (Homoptera: Cicadellidae). Crop Prot 21: 113-119.
Reineke A, Hauck M. 2012. Larval development of Empoasca vitis and Edwardsiana rosae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) at different temperatures on grapevine leaves. J Appl Entomol 136: 656-664.
Saxena RC, Saxena KN. 1971. Growth, longevity, and reproduction of Empoasca devastans on okra fruit for laboratory rearing. J Econ Entomol 64: 424-425.
Shiau JH. 1997. Influence of damage caused by small green leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana Paoli) on growth and quality of tea plants (Camillia sinensis L. Kuntze) [Thesis]. Taichung: National Chung Hsing University. 69 pp. (in Chinese)
Shiau JH, Chu TM. 2002. Effect of damage caused by smaller green leafhopper (Jacobiasca formosana Paoli) on shoot growth and chemical components of tea plants. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 21: 33-50. (in Chinese)
Shih JK. 1973. A study of investigation on the distribution of tea pests in Taiwan. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 1972. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 72-73. (in Chinese)
Tan HJ. 2009. Geography of Pong-Fong Tea. Taipei: NTNU Department of Geography. 209 pp. (in Chinese)
Teerakapong A. 1992. Ecological study of the castor leafhopper, Empoasca formosana Paoli (Homoptera: Cicadellidae), and its natural enemies in Thailand [Thesis]. Bangkok: Kasetsart University. 58 pp.
Teng YH. 2013. Taxonomy of tea leafhopper Jacobiasca formosana (Paoli) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) and the effects of its feeding on plant tissues of tea leaves [Thesis]. Taichung: National Chung Hsing University. 49 pp. (in Chinese)
Tsai YS, Chang RH. 1986. Studies on the scientific evaluation of tea quality I. - the relationship between chemical components and quality of oolong tea. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 5: 127-134. (in Chinese)
Tseng HK. 2005. Effects of increasing moisture on the population of tea green leafhopper in tea garden. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 2004. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 109-110. (in Chinese)
Tseng HK, Roan SF, Chen IZ. 2011. Biological control of tea tree pests in Taiwan. Taiwan Tea Res Bull 30: 23-36. (in Chinese)
Wang QS, Huang J, Gao XF. 2010. Studies on the spatial distribution of Empoasca vitis (Gothe) in organic tea garden. Chinese Agri Sci Bull 26: 234-237. (in Chinese)
Wang QS, Wang DF, Wu GY. 2013. Research advances on Empoasca vitis (Gothe) in tea trees in China. Fujian J Agri Sci 28: 615-623. (in Chinese)
Wang YC, Wang TC, Chen FH, Tsai YS, Lee HP, Fei WC. 2012. Plant protection manual. Taichung: TACTRI/COA. 1079 pp. (in Chinese)
Yang TJ. 2007. Spatial cultural economy of Oriental Beauty: tea production in O-mei and Pei-pu, Hsinchu County [Thesis]. Kaohsiung: National Kaohsiung Normal University. 120 pp. (in Chinese)
Yen CF. 1997. Control smaller green leaf-hopper and black tea thrips on tea plant by releasing green lacewing, Mallada basalis. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 1996. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 149-151. (in Chinese)
Yu CA. 2010. Study on the application of pest control lights in tea cultivation and management. In: Taiwan Tea Experiment Station Annual Report 2009. TRES, Taoyuan, Taiwan. pp 49-51. (in Chinese)
Zeiss MR, Braber K. 2001. Major insect pests of tea in Viet Nam. In: Zeiss MR, Braber K, (eds). Tea Integrated Pest Management Ecological Guide. Viet Nam: CIDSE. pp 146-184.
Zhao DX, Chen ZM, Cheng JA. 2000. Belongingness of tea leafhopper dominant species. J Tea Sci 20: 101-104. (in Chinese)
Zhao DX, Chen ZM, Cheng JA. 2002. Isolation and activity identification of volitiles among tea plant-green leafhopper-Evarcha spider. J Tea Sci 22: 109-114. (in Chinese)