臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

書包，對所有學生族群而言都是不可或缺的工具，不但都會使用到，而且每天都會用到。若不適當的使用書包，則會增加學童的肌肉骨骼負擔，進而可能成為造成傷害的風險來源。國內學童在國小階段，可選擇後背書包或拖式書包，國中則多使用側背書包。且隨者多元化教育以及課業的加重，學生的書包除了放學校用書之外，還有各種文具，甚至是補習班的教材。因此，書包的重量對學童也是一項負擔。
因此本研究對於11~14歲中、小學生的書包使用情形，從人因工程的角度做整體性的評估研究。主要在探討背包的背重率(體重0%、10%、15%與20%之負重)、攜帶方式(後背書包、側背書包以及拖式書包)與受測者的肌肉活動度、姿勢變化、個人主觀評量、心率等人因相關測量指標間的關聯性。以分別測定出三種國人常用書包對於重量變化的關係。並且進一步考量不同使用環境，分別測試於平地步行5分鐘，以及上、下三段階梯的環境，以反映上述指標在學童常見環境之表現。
平地步行時，肌肉上斜方肌(UT)在側背書包超過BW15%時，以及關節在使用BW10%~20%側背書包對腰薦椎的屈曲前傾和右肩頸聳肩的部分，表現都顯著的高於無負重。而階梯移動方面，使用側背書包或拖式書包時肌肉UT在三種重量下都顯著的高於無負重。肱二頭肌(BB)與豎脊肌(ES)在使用BW15%以上的拖式書包時，肌電活動不但顯著較無負重高，也顯著地高於同重量下的另外兩種書包。關節在使用BW10%~20%的側背書包或拖式書包時，腰薦椎的屈曲伸展角度，也與無負重有顯著地差異。 除此之外，心率與自評量表的結果上，也反映了相似的趨勢。
綜合本研究之各項指標後可知，平地上，使用後背書包與側背書包都建議不要超過學童體重的15%。若學童的使用環境有較多階梯，如天橋或大樓補習班，建議使用重量地低於BW10%的後背書包，側背書包與拖式書包則不建議使用。而若同時考量平地步行或上下樓梯的環境，使用後背書包都會是負擔較小的選擇，或是較為安全的選擇。

Schoolbags are essential for all students who use them on the daily basis. Research evidences have shown that inappropriate design of bag straps may increase injury risk as the asymmetrical muscle activity resulted could affect trunk stability.
The concerns of schoolbag overweight have continuously attracted public’s attentions over the past few decades. In addition to required textbooks and stationary, it is not uncommon that students carry extra reference books from touring classes in their schoolbags, along with various electronic gadgets. In Taiwan, students in elementary schools currently tend to select backpack or trolley as their schoolbags. Junior high school students, on the other hand, exclusively adopt the form of shoulder bag.
The purpose of this research was to determine the adequate guideline for schoolbag carriage among school children from the viewpoints of ergonomics. The influence of weight load, carrying method, and the form of locomotion on school children were comprehensively investigate in term of muscle activity, posture variation, heart rate, and subjective self -assessment tools.
Twenty five school children with age between 11 and 14 years old were participated to this study. Each subject was required randomly carrying three types of schoolbags (backpack, shoulder bag, and trolley form) with three levels of loaded weights each (0%, 10%, 15% and 20% of the body weight) to move in two common environment: 5-minute level-walking in the hallway and stairs climbing in an 2.5- floor stairway.
The results concluded that it is more adequate to choose backpacks in either level walking or stair climbing environment. In general, the weight loaded should not exceed 15% of the student's body weight(BW) in either backpack or shoulder bag. During level walking with high heavy loaded bag, using trolley shows its advantages from the viewpoint of muscular activity, but the posture resulted also substantially deviated from normal unloaded walking in several joint angles. In the situation where the commuted route involved significant amount of stairs-use environment, such as bridges or buildings, it is recommended using a backpack with loads not higher than 10% of BW as shoulder bag and trolley demonstrated equal or more negative results in most monitored ergonomic indices.

摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
表目錄 X
圖目錄 X
第一章 研究背景與目的 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究目的與假設 3
1.3 操作性定義 4
1.3.1 肌電圖定義 4
1.3.2 動作分析定義 5
1.3.3 心率百分比定義 6
1.3.4 量表定義 6
1.4 研究流程 7
第二章 文獻探討 8
2.1 疲勞的定義 8
2.2 肌電圖分析 9
2.2.1 肌電圖概念 9
2.2.2 肌電信號常用分析指標 9
2.2.3 肌電圖之負重相關研究 12
2.3 動作分析 14
2.3.1、生物力學與步態 14
2.3.2、動作分析在負重之步態相關研究 15
2.4 心率與自我認知之研究 16
第三章 研究方法與步驟 18
3.1 研究架構與實驗設計 18
3.2 研究對象 19
3.3 實驗儀器與設備 20
3.3.1、心率偵測器 20
3.3.2、3D動作捕捉系統 20
3.3.3、肌電儀 21
3.3.4、肌力測量器 22
3.3.5、實驗用書包與負重物 22
3.4 實驗方法與步驟 23
3.4.1、前置作業 23
3.4.2、步行測試 26
3.4.3、階梯移動測試 27
3.5 資料蒐集與處理 28
3.5.1、EMG、動作分析資料擷取28
3.5.2、EMG數據處理 29
3.5.3、動作變化數據分析 30
3.5.4、心率分析 31
3.5.5、自評量表分析 31
3.6 統計分析 32
第四章 結果 33
4.1 肌電活動強度比較 33
4.1.1 胸鎖乳突肌(SCM) 33
4.1.2 上斜方肌(UT) 37
4.1.3 肱二頭肌(BB) 41
4.1.4 腹直肌(RA) 44
4.1.5 豎脊肌(ES) 48
4.1.6 股直肌(RF) 53
4.2 動作分析 57
4.2.1 腰薦椎，冠狀面之側傾 57
4.2.2 腰薦椎，橫狀面之扭轉 60
4.2.3 腰薦椎，矢狀面之前傾 62
4.2.4右肩頸，冠狀面之聳肩 65
4.2.5 右肩頸，橫狀面之前引 68
4.2.6 右肩頸，矢狀面之軸旋轉 71
4.2.7 右膝，冠狀面之外展 74
4.2.8 右膝，橫狀面之內旋 77
4.2.9 右膝，矢狀面之屈伸 79
4.3 心率 82
4.3.1 心率結果 82
4.4 自評量表 90
4.4.1 自評量表結果 90
第五章 討論 97
5.1 肌電活動強度討論 97
5.1.1 肌電活動強度討論 97
5.1.2 肌電活動強度小結 101
5.2 動作分析討論 102
5.2.1 動作分析討論 102
5.2.2 動作分析小結 106
5.3 心率討論 106
5.3.1 心率討論 106
5.3.2 心率小結 108
5.4 自評量表討論 109
5.4.1 自評量表討論 109
5.4.2 自評量表小結 111
第六章 結論與未來建議 112
6.1 結論 112
6.2 研究限制與未來建議 113
參考文獻 115
附錄一、受試者同意書 122
附錄二、基本資料與運動前健康篩檢評估 124
附錄三、Brog’s 6~20 RPE量表 127
附錄四、視覺式類比疼痛量表(VAS) 128
附錄五、EMG-肌電活動強度表 130
附錄六、動作分析-關節角度表 159
附錄七、心率表 205
附錄八、自我評量-BORG ＆ VAS表 211

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