臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

氣候變遷已經對許多爬蟲類的分佈範圍、活動時間和族群動態造成影響，預測氣候變遷如何影響物種可利用發展動態能量收支模式（Dynamic energy budget model, DEB model）來研究個體對溫度產生的反應。DEB model 提供了一個與熱力學一致的框架，可量化生物體內的能量及物質流動，並用於估算生物和非生物的條件組合如何影響生物體的生活史。台灣滑蜥（Scincella formosensis）棲息於森林中，是台灣唯一一種成體於冬季活動的石龍子，其在3月下旬至5月上旬產卵，並於5月下旬至6月孵化。由於胚胎及幼體主要於春夏季發育，這兩個生活史階段可能更容易受到暖化的影響。本研究測量台灣滑蜥的生活史和生理機能對溫度的反應（包含胚胎發育、幼體生長和CO2產生率），並將生理形質用於參數化此物種的DEB模式。數據顯示，在≥28°C的溫度下，生長速度會下降，然而CO2產生率在這些溫度下沒有明顯的下降跡象，暗示攝食率和能量利用率對高溫的反應不同。基於此發現，我使用兩個溫度校正函數參數化一個DEB model，該模式對個體的溫度生理學和生活史特徵有良好的解釋力。基於這些結果，我認為暖化可能對台灣滑蜥之胚胎發育、幼體生長、能量儲備、成熟及最終體型造成潛在影響。對於未來的應用，完全參數化後的模式可以結合生物物理模式與野外氣候數據，以預測全球氣候變遷如何影響年度週期內生活史事件的發生時間以及可能對此物種造成的挑戰。

Climate change affects the distribution range, activity time and population dynamics of reptiles. In this context, using measured reptile''s thermal physiological traits to develop a dynamic energy budget (DEB) model is useful to explore an individual’s response to temperature, and to predict how climate change affects the species ultimately. The Taiwanese smooth skink, Scincella formosensis is a forest species, and is the only lizard in sub/tropical Taiwan that the adults are mainly active during cool season. Their egg-laying and hatching occurs from late March to June and juveniles develop during summer. The largest part of the development occurs in summer, making embryos and juveniles potentially more vulnerable to rising temperatures. This study measured how various aspects of S. formosensis’ life history and physiology responded to temperature, including embryonic development, juvenile growth and rate of CO2 production, in order to parameterize a DEB model. The data show a decline of growth at temperatures ≥28°C, although CO2 production did not show any obvious sign of decline at these temperatures. This observation suggests that the ingestion rate responds differently than other rates to high temperatures. I included this finding by parameterizing two temperature correction functions, which produced a model that captures very well the major patterns of individuals’ thermal physiology and life history. I used these results to draw some conclusions on the potential impact of warming on this species’ life cycle. For future application, this model can be combined with a biophysical model and field climate data to predict how global climatic changes may affect the timing of life history events within the annual cycle and the challenges this could pose to this species.

Thesis/Dissertation Validation Letter i
Thesis/Dissertation Authorization Letter ii
Acknowledgement iii
Abstract (Chinese) iv
Abstract (English) v
Table of Contents vi
Table of Figures ix
Table of Tables x
Table of Appendix xi
Chapter 1. Introduction 1
1.1. Impacts of climate change on reptiles 1
1.2. Dynamic Energy Budget theory as an effective approach to study the physiological response to temperature over the life cycle 2
1.3. Study animal: Scincella formosensis 5
1.4. Research goals 6
Chapter 2. Materials and Methods 8
2.1. Collection of empirical data 8
2.1.1. Collection and maintenance of animals 8
2.1.2. Embryonic development experiment 9
2.1.2.1. Egg collection and treatment 9
2.1.2.2. Experiment setting 10
2.1.3. Juvenile growth and CO2 production 11
2.1.3.1. Growth of laboratory hatchlings (2019) 11
2.1.3.2. Growth of field hatchlings (2020) 12
2.1.3.3. CO2 production rate 12
2.1.4. Sources of other life history data 13
2.1.5. Pseudo-data 14
2.2. Modelling and parameter estimation 15
2.2.1. General description of the model 15
2.2.2. Parameter estimation 16
2.2.2.1. Objective function and weight coefficients of the data sets 16
2.2.2.2. Mass-length relation 18
2.2.2.3. Temperature dependence 18
2.2.2.4. CO2 production rate estimation 19
2.2.2.5. Estimation of the age of individuals collected from the field 19
Chapter 3. Results 21
3.1. Differences between the two C_T 21
3.2. Embryonic development and state at birth 22
3.3. Growth of juveniles 22
3.4. Mass-SVL relation 23
3.5. CO2 production rate 24
3.6. Other life history traits 25
Chapter 4. Discussion 26
4.1. Thermal physiological traits of the early life stages 26
4.2. Performance of the DEB model 28
4.2.1. The main reasons for using two C_T 29
4.2.2. Impact of using multiple temperature corrections on the predictions 31
4.2.3. Model limitations 33
4.3. Challenges for S. formosensis to climate warming 34
4.4. Differences from DEB models used in other reptile studies 35
4.5. Future directions and possible applications 38
References 41
Appendix 64

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