臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

酸性土壤不適合大多數作物的栽培與生長，施用石灰到酸性土壤中可以將酸鹼度提升到適當的範圍，使土壤中植物營養元素呈現良好的平衡關係，但施用過多的石灰亦會造成營養元素的缺乏或毒害，如何準確評估適當的石灰需要量便是管理酸性土壤最大的課題。
本篇研究採用台灣二十五種酸性土壤，包括表土與底土，以三種不同水份境況的土壤－石灰孵育方法求其石灰需要量，三種水份境況分別是田間容水量、浸水、乾濕交替，並與土壤－鹼滴定法作比較，此外亦採用四種土壤－緩衝溶液平衡法(SMP單一緩衝溶液法、Adams-Evans單一緩衝溶液法、改良式Woodruff單一緩衝溶液法、BaCl2-TEA滴定法(交換性酸度法))，對供試土壤進行測定，以期對台灣酸性土壤石灰需要量速測方法作一評估。
研究結果顯示三種不同水分境況孵育的石灰需要量為田間容水量﹥乾濕交替﹥浸水，且三者之間有良好的相關性。由此可知浸水狀況下，石灰與土壤之間有較完全的反應。土壤－鹼滴定法的結果與田間容水量的結果較為接近，且與三種孵育的結果都有良好的相關性。在高石灰需要量時，四種土壤－緩衝溶液平衡法的結果皆明顯低估。以台灣土壤測定的pH值對鹽基飽和度關係式(pH = 0.0316 × BSP + 3.6485, r2=0.76***)來計算Adams-Evans石灰需要量，可以得到更好的適用性。在此研究中，所有方法得到之石灰需要量都有良好的相關性。
將孵育方法得到之石灰需要量與土壤基本性質作迴歸及相關分析後，可得知所有方法都不只與單一種的土壤性質有良好的相關性，諸如土壤pH值、陽離子交換容量、游離氧化鋁、交換性酸度、有機碳含量，所得到的經驗式(如：田間容水量孵育之LR = 3.07 ×O.C. + 2.27 ×Exchangeable acid + 0.72 ×CEC — 5.40 ×pH + 0.79 ×DCB-Al + 17.15 ,r2=0.95***)可以作為研究台灣酸性土壤石灰需要量的良好指標。

Strongly acidic soils greatly restrict the growth of most plants. The addition of lime raises the soil pH, eliminates the major problems of acid soils, and thus improves plant growth. However, adding excess lime causes soil nutrients imbalance is not desirable and is additional cost. The objectives of this study were to determine lime requirements of twenty five acid soils from Taiwan using various methods, including titration method, CaCO3 incubation method under three moisture conditions, and four buffer method, i.e., SMP method, Adams-Evans method, improved Woodruff method, and exchangeable acidity method; and to evaluate the most suitable methods used in Taiwan agricultural soils. Buffer-indicated lime requirements were relate to CaCO3 incubation-measured lime requirements through regression analysis.
Lime requirements measured by incubation method under three moisture conditions decreased slightly in the order of field capacity incubation, alternately wetting and drying incubation and flooding incubation, and correlated well among each other. Lime requirements determined by the titration method were close to those by incubation method under field capacity and correlated well to those of all the three incubation methods. All of the four buffer methods underestimated lime requirements in high lime-required soils as compared to those by the incubation methods. The use of the relationship between soil pH and base saturation percentage from Taiwan agricultural soils ( pH ＝ 0.0316×) to correct lime requirements by Adams-Evans method had shown to be better applicability to Taiwan agricultural soils. Lime requirements determined by all the methods used in this study were correlated well among each other.
The relationship between lime requirements and soil properties using stepwise procedure proposed the following empirical model: LR = 3.07 ×OM + 2.27 ×Exchangeable acid + 0.72 ×CEC — 5.40 ×pH + 0.79 ×DCB-Al + 17.15 , r2=0.95***, where LR is lime requirement in Mg CaCO3/ha, OC is organic carbon in g/kg, EA is exchangeable acidity in cmol(+)/kg, CEC is cation exchange capacity in cmol(+)/kg, DCB-Al is DCB extractable Al in g/kg. This empirical model can be use to predict lime requirement in Taiwan agricultural soils.

中文摘要 ……………………………………………………………Ⅰ
英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………Ⅲ
目錄 …………………………………………………………………Ⅴ
圖次 …………………………………………………………………Ⅵ
表次 …………………………………………………………………Ⅷ
第一章、 前言 ………………………………………………… 1
第二章、 材料與方法 ………………………………………… 10
第一節 供試土壤 …………………………………………… 10
第二節 供試土壤之理化性質分析 ………………………… 16
第三節 酸性土壤石灰需要量之測定 ……………………… 20
第三章、 結果與討論 ………………………………………… 31
第一節 土壤－石灰孵育的結果 ………………………… 31
第二節 土壤－緩衝溶液平衡法之比較 ……………… 48
第三節 土壤基本性質與石灰需要量之關係 …………… 66
第四章、 結論 ………………………………………………… 77
參考文獻 ………………………………………………………… 78
附錄 …………………………………………………………………82

參考文獻
林紫慧. 1989. 評估氧化鐵濾紙法對台灣土壤有效磷抽出之適用性. 國立台灣大學碩士論文.
席連之、張守敬。1951。台灣省土壤調查及肥力測定報告書。台灣肥料公司叢刊第五種，238頁。
郭鴻裕。1992。台灣地區酸性土壤之分布及其利用現況。酸性土壤之特性及其改良研討會論文集，第3-1至3-7頁。
陳仁炫。1994。強酸性土壤石灰需要量七種測定方法的評估。中國農業化學會誌，32：61-74。
陳尊賢。1992。台灣農地酸性土壤之特性及其分類。酸性土壤之特性及其改良研討會論文集，第2-1至2-18頁。
陳尊賢。1986。台灣地區農耕土系之初步新土壤分類－電腦建檔與查詢（未發表資料）。
彭昭英編著. 1989. SAS與統計分析. 儒林圖書公司.
曾兆毅. 1998. 蘭嶼土壤交換性特性與可萃取性鋁之研究. 國立台灣大學碩士論文.
Adams F. 1984. Crop response to lime in the southern United states. In F. Adams (ed.) Soil acidity and liming. 2nd ed. Agronomy 12:211-265.
Adams F. and C.E. Evans. 1962. A rapid method for measuring lime requirement of red-yellow podzolic soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26:355-357.
Adams, F. and R. W. Pearson. 1967. Crop response to lime in the southern United States and Puerto Rico. In R. W. Pearson and F. Adams. Soil acidity and liming. 12:161-206. Am. Soc. Of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wis.
Alabi K.E., R.C. Sorensen, D. Knudsen, and G.W. Rehm. 1986. Comparison of several lime requirement methods on coarse-textured soils of Northeastern Nebraska. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 50:937-941.
Atiken, R.L., P.W. Moody and P.G. Mckinley. 1990. Lime requirements of acidic Queensland soils, II. Comparison of laboratory methods for predicting lime requirement. Aust. J. Soil Res., 28:703-715.
Bohn H.L., B.L. McNeal and G.A. O''Connor. 1985. Soil chemistry. John Wiley & Sons, New York.
Brafield, R., and Allison, W. B. 1933. Criteria of base saturation in soils, 2nd. Internat. Congr. Soil Sci. Trans. A, 63-79
Brown J. R. and J. R. Cisco. 1984. An improved Woodruff buffer for estimation of lime requirements. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 48:587-592.
Curtin D., H.P. W. Rostad, and P.M. Huang. 1984. Soil acidity in relation to soil properties and lime requirement. Can. J. Soil Sci. 64:545-554.
Farina, M.P.W., M.E. Sumner, C.O. Plank, and W.S. Letzsch. 1980. Exchangeable aluminum and pH as indicators of lime requirement of corn. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 44:1036-1040.
Foy, C.D. 1984. Physiological effects of hydrogen, aluminum, and manganese toxicities in acid soil. In F. Adams (ed.) Soil acidity and liming. 2nd ed. Agronomy 12:57-98.
Harper W.S., D.E. Baker, L. H. McCormick. 1988. A dual-buffer titration method for lime requirement of acid minesoils. J. Environ. Qual. 17:452-456.
Hoyt, P.B. and Nyborg, M. 1971. Toxic metals in soils. 1. Estimation of plant available aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 35:236-240.
Hoyt, P.B. and Nyborg, M. 1987. Field calibration of liming responses of four crops using pH, Al, and Mn. Plant Soil. 102:21-25.
Hoyt, P.B. and Webber, M.D. 1974. Rapid measurement of plant-available aluminum and manganese in acid Canadian soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 54:54-61.
Joyce M.F., P.A. Langan, M.N. Quigley, W.S. Reid. 1995. A robotic procedure for the determination of soil lime requirement. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:3385-3403.
Kamprath E. J. 1970. Exchangeable aluminum as a criterion for liming leached mineral soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34:252-254.
Keeney D. R. and R. B. Corey. 1963. Factors affecting the lime requirements of Wisconsin soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 27:277-280.
Kubota, J., K.C. Berger, and E. Truog. 1948. Boron movement in soils. Soil Sci. Am. Proc. 13:130-134.
Lathwell, D.J., and W.S. Reid. 1984. Crop response to lime in the Northwestern United states. In F. Adams (ed.) Soil acidity and liming. 2nd ed. Agronomy 12:305-332.
Mandal B., T.K. Adhikari, and D.K. De. 1993. Effect of lime and organic matter application on the availability of added boron in acidic alluvial soil. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 24:1925-1935.
Mehra, O.P., and M.L. Jackson. 1960. Iron Oxide removal from soils and clays by a dithionite-citrate system buffered with sodium carbonate. In Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 7th Conf., pp. 317-327. Natl. Acad. Soil.-Natl. Res. Council Publ.
McLean, E.O. 1970. Lime requirement of soils - inactive toxic substances or favorable pH range? Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34:363-364.
McLean, E.O. 1982. Soil pH and lime requirement. In Methods of soil analysis. Part 2. Chemical and microbiological properties. 2nd Ed." A.L. Page, R.H. Miller, and D.R. Keeney Eds. Agron. Monograph No. 5. Chap. 12. pp.199-224. ASA-SSSA. Madison, WI.
McLean, E.O. 1973. Testing soils for pH and lime requirement. p. 77-95. In L.M. Walsh and J.D. Beaton (ed.) Soil testing and plant analysis. Am. Soc. of Agron., Madison, Wis.
McLean E. O., D. J. Eckert, G. Y. Reddy, and J. F. Trierweiler. 1978. An improved SMP soil lime requirement method incorporating double-buffer and quick-test features. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 42:311-316.
McLean E.O., S. W. Dumford, and F. Coronel. 1966. A comparison of several methods of determining lime requirements of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 30:26-30.
Mehlich, A. 1953. Rapid determination of cation and anion exchange properties and pHe of soils. J. Assoc. Off. Agric. Chem. 36:445-457.
Nelson, D. W., and L. E. Sommers. 1982. Total carbon, organic carbon, and organic matter. p. 539-579. In A. L. Page et al. (ed). Methods of soil analysis, part 2. 2nd ed. Agron. Monogr. 9. ASA and SSSA, Madison, WI.
Owusu-Bennoah, E., D.K Acquaye, T. Mahamah. 1995. Comparative study of selected lime requirement methods for some acid Ghanaian soils. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:937-950.
Peech, M., R. L. Cowan, and J. H. Baker. 1962. A critical study of the BaCl2-triethanolamine and the ammonium acetate methods for determining the exchangeable H+ content of soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 26:37-40.
Quigley, M.N., W.S. Reid. 1995. A robotic procedure for the determination of soil lime requirement. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 26:3385-3403.
Reeve N. G. and M. E. Sumner. 1970. Lime requirements of Natal oxisols based on exchangeable aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 34:595-598.
Riggs, K.S., D.L. Rimmer, J.K. Syers. 1995. Effect of liming on the chemical composition of soil. J. Sci. Food Agric. 69:159-167.
Sauchelli, V. 1951. Manual on phosphate in agriculture. Davidson Chemical Corp., Baltimore.
Schofield, R. K. and A. W. Taylor. 1955. The measurement of soil pH. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 19:164-167.
Schollenberger, C. J., and R. H. Simon. 1945. Determination of exchange capacity and exchangeable bases in soil-ammonium acetate method. Soil Sci. 59:13-24.
Shoemaker H.E., E.O. McLean, and P.F. Pratt. 1961. Buffer methods for determining lime requirement of soils with appreciable amounts of exchangeable aluminum. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc . 25:274-277.
Tran T.R. and W. van Lierop. 1982. Lime requirement determination for attaining pH 5.5 and 6.0 of coarse-textured soils using buffer-pH methods. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 46:1008-1014.
Tran T. S. and W. van Lierop. 1981. Evaluation and improvement of buffer-pH lime requirement methods. Soil Sci. 131:178-188.
Tran, T. S. and W. van Lierop. 1993. Lime Requirement. In Soil Sampling and Methods of Analysis. M. R. Carter, Ed. Chap. 14. pp.109-113. Can. Soc. Soil Sci., Lewis Publishers. Boca Raton.
Warman, P.R., B. Harnish, T. Muizelaar. 1996. A lime requirment test for Maritime Canada, and response time and effect of liming source on soil pH. Commun. Soil Sci. Plant Anal. 27:1427-1436.
Webber M. D., P. B. Hoyt, M. Nyborg, and Diane Corneau. 1977. A comparison of lime requirement methods for acid canadian soils. Can. J. Soil Sci. 57:361-370.
Woodruff, C. M. 1967. Crop response to lime in the Midwestern United States and Puerto Rico. In R. W. Pearson and F. Adams. Soil acidity and liming. 12:161-206. Am. Soc. Of Agron., Inc., Madison, Wis.
Woodruff, C. M. 1947. Determination of the exchangeable hydrogen and lime requirement of the soil by means of the glass electrod and a buffer solution. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 12:141-142.
Woodruff, C. M. 1948. Testing soils for lime requirement by means of a buffer solution and the glass electrode. Soil Sci. 66:53-63.
Yuan, T. L. 1959. Determination of exchangeable hydrogen in soils by a titration method. Soil Sci. 88:164-167.
Yuan, T. L. 1974. A double buffer method for the determination of lime requirement of acid soils. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. Proc. 38:437-440.