臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

英語演講比賽目前在台灣十分普遍，特別是常以即席演講方式進行。但參賽者運用何種策略與技巧來增進其演說效果，鮮少有研究進行分析。在過去對英語演講所進行的研究，主要研究對象多是英語為其母語的學生，較少是針對英語作為外語的學生。此外，大部份的研究都偏向於以心理學的角度，來分析演講與焦慮或情緒之關聯性。而以語用學的觀點，來探討外語學習者進行英語演講時所使用的策略與技巧卻相形匱乏。
有鑑於此，本研究旨在探討台灣大專英語學習者在參加英語即席演講比賽時如何使用溝通策略與演說技巧，以及有何種因素影響其策略與技巧的選擇。研究對象為參加教育部九十一學年度「全國大專校院英語演講比賽決賽」技專院校學生。研究方法是分析十九位參賽者即席演講的內容與表現，再和其中十位參賽者進行個別訪談。訪談部份包括下列四個子題：（１）溝通策略的使用；（２）演說技巧的運用；（３）如何準備、面對、並進行英語即席演講；（４）英語演講的經驗與觀感。所有演講內容與訪談資料再分為兩組，優勝者組與非優勝者組，依其使用的溝通策略與演說技巧，以及影響其演講表現之因素作對比分析。
研究結果顯示，非優勝者使用溝通策略來彌補其英語能力之不足情形，多過於優勝者，但是其演說技巧表現明顯不如優勝者。以溝通策略為例，非優勝者使用過多的插聲停頓或因猶豫所造成的停頓以及複述某個字詞；優勝者則常以自行改正方式來修飾其語言未盡完美之處。以演說技巧中的修辭為例，雙方都偏好使用修辭問句，然而有些非優勝者之修辭問句並不適當。值得一提的是，優勝者在演講前、後的組織能力表現較為傑出。另一方面，從訪談分析中發現參賽者的語言能力、知識範疇、策略能力、身心狀況、比賽場地等因素會影響其策略與技巧的運用，但以語言能力和知識範疇影響最大。綜合本研究之結果，希望對於台灣英語學習者於演講比賽的表現有所助益，並且提供英文老師做為開授相關課程或訓練學生英語即席演講比賽的參考。

As English impromptu speech contests are gaining popularity in Taiwan, prospective contestants may wonder what strategies experienced speakers employ to enhance rhetorical effects as well as to compensate for breakdowns in articulating their thoughts. Literature in public speaking, however, mostly focuses on the speech performance of the native speakers of English and the effect of communication apprehension on their performance; little attention has been given to foreign language learners’ use of strategies in public speaking, particularly of the impromptu type. The present study, therefore, aimed to explore what strategies Taiwanese college students employed in delivering impromptu speeches in English and what underlying factors affected their choice of strategies.
Data included 19 finalists’ videotaped speeches in the 2003 National English Speech Contest for college students organized by the Ministry of Education and 10 finalists’ retrospective interviews in assessing, planning, and executing their strategy use. All the speeches were transcribed and then divided into two groups: successful (i.e., winners) and less successful. Strategies employed by the contestants were analyzed from two perspectives: communication strategies (CSs) and public speaking strategies (PSs). The former, including compensatory, stalling, and reduction strategies, functions to compensate for breakdowns in conveying messages due to linguistic deficiency or performance variables. The latter, including organizational and rhetorical strategies, serves to enhance the rhetorical effect in delivering speeches. The interview questions covered the following four areas: (1) their use of CSs; (2) their use of PSs; (3) their process of impromptu speech-making; (4) their experiences in and views on public speaking.
The study found that the less successful group used more CSs but fewer PSs than did the successful group. Among CSs, they employed exceedingly more fillers/hesitation devices and repetitions. However, the more successful group adopted more repairs. With regard to PSs, the most common rhetorical strategy employed by both groups was asking rhetorical questions, yet some less successful contestants overused or misused it. Moreover, the successful group’s speeches contained more varieties of organizational strategies, particularly in the opening and closing, thus making their speeches more cogent and tactful. On the other hand, factors affecting the contestant’s strategy use were discussed in terms of language competence, knowledge structures, strategic competence, psychophysiological mechanisms, and context of situation. Among all the factors, the results indicated that the interaction of contestants’ language competence and their knowledge structures played a dominant role in affecting their strategic competence, which appeared to determine their strategy use. The study concluded by discussing how to effectively and appropriately use communication strategies and public speaking strategies in impromptu speech contests for EFL learners and providing pedagogical suggestions for pubic speaking instructors.

Chinese Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- i
English Abstract --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
Acknowledgements ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- v
Table of Contents ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- vii
List of Tables and Figures --------------------------------------------------------------------- xi

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION ------------------------------------------------- 1
English Speech Contests in Taiwan ------------------------------------------------------ 1
Personal Motivation ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 2
Studies in Public Speaking ---------------------------------------------------------------- 3
Purpose of the Study ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
Analytical Framework --------------------------------------------------------------------- 6
Significance of the Study ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9
Organization of Chapters ------------------------------------------------------------------ 9

CHAPTER TWO LITERATURE REIVEW ----------------------------------------- 11
Communication Strategies (CSs) --------------------------------------------------------- 11
Role of Communicative Competence ---------------------------------------------- 12
Theoretic Approaches to the Definition of CSs ----------------------------------- 14
Identification of CSs ------------------------------------------------------------------ 20
Classification of CSs ------------------------------------------------------------------ 21
Empirical Findings of CSs ----------------------------------------------------------- 24
Data elicitation methods affecting the choice of CSs ---------------------- 24
Factors affecting the choice of CSs ------------------------------------------- 25
Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 32
Public Speaking Strategies (PSs) --------------------------------------------------------- 33
Perspectives on Impromptu-speechmaking --------------------------------------- 34
Organizational Strategies ------------------------------------------------------------ 36
Rhetorical Strategies ----------------------------------------------------------------- 38
Additional Strategies for Impromptu Speaking－Preparation is the Secret -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39
Additional Strategies for Impromptu Speaking－Understanding the
Evaluation Criteria ------------------------------------------------------------------- 41
Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 42

CHAPTER THREE METHODOLODOGY ------------------------------------------- 43
Research Design ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 43
Context --------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44
Participants ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 45
Data Collection ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Videotaped Speeches ---------------------------------------------------------------- 46
Retrospective Interviews ------------------------------------------------------------ 47
Data Analysis ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50

CHAPTER FOUR DATA ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ------------------------------ 55
Data Analysis of the Speeches ------------------------------------------------------------ 55
The Use of Communication Strategies (CSs) ------------------------------------- 55
Repairs --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 58
Stalling strategies --------------------------------------------------------------- 61
The Use of Public Speaking Strategies (PSs) ------------------------------------- 64
Rhetorical strategies ------------------------------------------------------------ 64
Organizational strategies ------------------------------------------------------- 67
Interactions of CSs and PSs --------------------------------------------------------- 74
Results of the Interviews ------------------------------------------------------------------- 78
Views on Public Speaking ----------------------------------------------------------- 78
Public Speaking Experiences -------------------------------------------------------- 80
Instruction and Coaching ------------------------------------------------------------- 81
Speech Apprehension ----------------------------------------------------------------- 82
Contest Setting ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 84
Topic-specific Knowledge ------------------------------------------------------------ 84
Personal Preferences ------------------------------------------------------------------ 86
Strategy Use before the Contest ----------------------------------------------------- 87
Strategy Use during the On-site preparation --------------------------------------- 90
Strategy Use on the Stage ------------------------------------------------------------- 91
Audience/Judges Influence ----------------------------------------------------------- 93
Interactions of the Eleven Themes -------------------------------------------------- 94

CHAPTER FIVE DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS ---------------------------- 96
Discussion ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 96
Language Competence --------------------------------------------------------------- 96
Knowledge Structures ---------------------------------------------------------------- 99
Psychophysiological Mechanisms -------------------------------------------------- 100
Context of Situation ------------------------------------------------------------------ 101
Strategic Competence ---------------------------------------------------------------- 103
Assessment (strategy use before the contest) ------------------------------- 103
Planning (strategy use during the on-site preparation) -------------------- 104
Execution (strategy use on the stage) ---------------------------------------- 106
Summary ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 107
Pedagogical Implications ------------------------------------------------------------------ 109
Limitations and Suggestions for Further Studies --------------------------------------- 113
Concluding Remarks ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 115

REFERENCES ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 116
APPENDIX A－INTERVIEW THEMES AND QUESTIONS --------------------- 129
APEENDIX B－CONSENT FORM ----------------------------------------------------- 131

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