臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

以大量的小規模地震釋放應變能，是潛移斷層系統上的地震活動特徵。在地震防災應用上，這種斷層系統的特殊性在於，它具有較低的大地震潛能。然而，潛移斷層帶也可能孕育大地震，台灣東部的縱谷斷層即為一例。花東縱谷斷層每年以1~3 cm/yr的潛移速率在地表快速地變形，是全世界數一數二活躍的潛移斷層帶，此斷層如何在地表潛移同時也在深部孕震一直是個未解之謎，主要原因是，有限的地表測量和地震測站，限制了我們對深部斷層行為的理解。利用重複地震（同一地方發震並具有高度相似波形的地震序列）的重複週期與地震規模的關係，已被證明可推估深部滑移率，是進一步瞭解斷層深部特性的契機。
台灣東部地震測站幾何分佈不佳以致地震定位不夠精確，因此無法以「是否同一地點發震」選定重複地震序列，而以波形相似度為門檻值來篩選重複地震則過於主觀，本研究提出一個「複合式選定準則」以客觀地選定重複地震。我們首先利用Vp/Vs重新定位方法對相似波形地震進行精確的相對定位，並以此定位結果為約制、決定地震群之相對S-P走時差及其波形相似度的雙門檻值。利用1991-2004的地震資料及此重複地震選定方法，我們發現了兩群空間上各自獨立的重複地震群，分佈於縱谷的北邊花蓮地區及南邊的池上地區。在花蓮地區的25組重複地震序列規模範圍為2.3 至4.6，沿斷層走向方向的空間分佈長達45 km，而深度分佈為10-22 km。在池上地區的30組重複地震序列規模範圍較小，為2.2 至3.4，沿斷層走向方向的空間分佈約 15 km（集中於池上斷層的北半段），而深度分佈為7-23 km。利用重複地震的週期和地震矩可以計算每個重複地震嵌塊的深部滑移速率，我們計算得知在花蓮的重複地震群顯現2.5-7.8 cm/yr的滑移量，高於池上區域的2.0-5.1 cm/yr，但兩者皆與該區的地表變形量相仿。 以池上斷層而言，重複地震集中出現於北半段、並且深部滑移速率與地表相近，2003年M 6.4的成功地震其餘震區則集中於南半段，因此我們推論池上斷層南北性質互異：北半段以潛移為主，南半段鎖住而具有大地震潛能。在花蓮地區較大規模的重複地震(M ≥ 3.8)皆為似週期性，我們發現這些週期性的重複地震序列其鄰近的背景地震活動有顯著的特徵：其數目及規模皆少而小，因此我們推論重複地震的週期性與鄰近背景地震活動有高度相關，空間上越獨立的地震嵌塊越有機會呈現規則的週期行為。與美國加州Parkfield重複地震的週期相比，東台灣的重複地震週期短約兩倍，而日本隱沒帶的重複地震短約4倍。考慮斷層滑移量因區域而異、進一步將重複週期正規化成Parkfield的滑移速率時，我們發現所有的資料點吻合同一條線性，亦即，當斷層滑移量相同時，不同區域、同等規模的重複地震會有同樣的重複週期，此表示區域的斷層滑移速率決定了重複週期。重複地震週期的分析，除了可以增進區域深部斷層特性及地震潛能的瞭解，在未來地震預報及災害評估上，亦提供了絕佳的約制。

Creeping crustal faults often generate a number of microearthquakes, and less commonly, they may also produce large earthquakes that rupture the brittle crust. The Longitudinal Valley fault (LVF) in eastern Taiwan characterized by such behavior has been known to undergo 1-3 cm/yr surface creep, probably one of the most active creeping thrust faults known in the world. The understanding of fault behavior at depth as to how a creeping fault can generate large earthquakes has been limited due to sparse sampling of seismic and geodetic stations in this area. Repeating earthquakes study has been proposed to improve the understanding of deep fault deformation, however, it also has its limitation because of the poor station coverage. In this thesis, methodology of repeating earthquake identification is developed in the region where the station coverage is sparse and one-sided. The methodology is then applied to the earthquakes in eastern Taiwan. Two major clusters of repeating earthquake sequences (RESs) are found near the north and south ends of the LVF, with variable recurrence patterns and deep slip rates. The 25 M 2.3-4.6 RESs in the Hualien area (north of the LVF) are widely distributed along the strike of the LVF over a distance of 45 km at 10-22 km depth, whereas in the Chihshang area (north of the LVF) we found 30 M 2.2-3.4 RESs at 7-23 km depth with three times shorter along-strike extent. Slip estimates from the RESs in Chihshang and Hualien indicate the slip rate range of 2.5-7.8 cm/yr and 2.0-5.1 cm/yr respectively, which is consistent with those inferred from the surface measurements. With the fact that the aftershock of M 6 event were confined to the south half of the Chihshang fault, we infer that the 30-km stretch of the Chihshang fault is creeping at north half section and locked at south half section. For the Hualien area, M ≥ 3.8 RESs are observed to be spatially isolated and are characterized by quasi-periodic recurrences, where the surrounding earthquakes are small in both number and size. It suggests that these larger RESs are probably less influenced by nearby earthquakes and therefore can recur in a regular manner. The lack of M ≥ 3.5 RESs in the Chishang area likely results from the narrowness of the creeping area, as indicated by the limited spatial extent of the RESs. Thus it is demonstrated that repeating earthquakes observation can provide information of deep fault behavior, potentially leading to well-resolved fault model and better understanding of seismic hazard assessment. Recurrence properties of these repeating earthquakes in eastern Taiwan reveals a weak variation in recurrence interval (Tr ) with seismic moment (Mo). Compared to the scaling of Tr with Mo from repeating earthquake data near Parkfield in California, the repeating data from eastern Taiwan has recurrence intervals that are 2 times shorter. Also in northeastern Japan, Tr of repeating quakes are ~4 times shorter than those expected from the Parkfield scaling law. When adjusted to account for differences in the geodetically derived slip rates for the three fault zones, however, the Tr-Mo scaling is remarkably consistent among the three regions. It suggests that the tectonic loading rate is likely the most important factor that controls the repeat time. It also suggests that there seems to exist a universal rule on recurrence interval scaling of repeating earthquakes in diverse tectonic settings.

Abstract i
摘要 iii

Acknowledgments iv
致謝 vi

Contents viii
List of Tables xi
List of Figures xi
List of Abbreviation xiii

Chapter 1
General Introduction 1
1.1 Motivation 1
1.2 Overview of repeating earthquakes studies 2
1.2.1 Deep slip rate estimate 3
1.2.2 Temporal variation in seismic wave propagation 3
1.2.3 Recurrence property 4
1.3 Geologic, geodetic background of eastern Taiwan 5
1.4 Seismologic background of eastern Taiwan 7
1.4.1 Fault segmentation from background seismicity rate 9
1.4.2 Aftershock duration of M 6 events 10
1.4.3 Earthquake triggering of the 1951 Hualien-Taitung sequence 13
1.5 A Thesis roadmap 19

Chapter 2
Repeating earthquake identification 21
2.1 Data limitation in eastern Taiwan 21
2.1.1 Original catalog 21
2.1.2 Similar event search 22
2.1.3 Repeating earthquake sequence identification 23
2.1.4 Data limitations in the Chihshang area 24
2.2 Vp/Vs relocation method 25
2.2.1 Travel times using S minus P and assumed Vp/Vs 25
2.2.2 Effect of timing errors on relocations 27
2.3 Composite selection criteria 30
2.4 Summary 33
2.4.1 Similar event catalog preparation 33
2.4.2 Master-pair selection 33
2.4.3 Defining repeating event-pairs 34

Chapter 3
Characterization of repeating earthquakes in eastern Taiwan 37
3.1 Spatial distribution of the repeating earthquakes 37
3.1.1 Repeating earthquake sequences in the Chihshang area 39
3.1.2 Repeating earthquake sequences in the Hualien area 48
3.2 Deep creep rate estimates from repeating earthquake sequences 53
3.2.1 Determination of deep slip rate 53
3.2.2 Error analysis 54
3.3 Spatial distribution of deep slip rates 57
3.3.1 Deep slip rate distribution of in the Chihshang fault zone 57
3.3.2 Deep slip rate distribution of in the Hualien fault zone 60
3.4 Variability of repeating earthquake behavior in eastern Taiwan 62
3.4.1 Recurrence properties 62
3.4.2 Deep fault deformation 64
3.4.3 Quasi-periodicity of M ≥ 3.8 RESs 66
3.4.4 Lack of M ≥ 3.8 RESs on the Chihshang fault 67
3.5 Discussion and summary 70

Chapter 4
Nature of repeating earthquake behavior 74
4.1 What controls the repeat time? 74
4.1.1 Tr -Mo relation from repeating events in Parkfield, California 74
4.1.2 Tr-Mo relation from eastern Taiwan 75
4.1.3 Tr-Mo relations between different areas 76
4.1.4 Discussion 79
4.2 What controls the RESs’ location? 80
4.2.1 Background seismicity vs. RESs’ location 80
4.2.2 Depth distribution of repeating events 83
4.2.3 Depth Transition zone between continental and oceanic crust 85
4.2.4 Discussion 86

Chapter 5
Conclusions 88

Bibliography 91

Vita 100

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