臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

阿美語分裂句結構
（摘要）
本文旨在以管束句法學（Government and Binding Theory）與原則與參數原則（Principles and Parameters Theory）來探究台灣南島語中阿美語的分裂句結構（cleft constructions）。在過去的文獻中，並沒有專文介紹介紹台灣南島語言的分裂句結構，只有少數零星的探討，本文則以阿美語分裂句的研究為重心，佐之以阿美語的名物化（nominalization）、名詞組結構（noun phrase structures）、疑問詞移位（wh-movement）等現象的探討。
本論文共分為五章。第一章為簡介，第二章是阿美語基本句型結構的介紹，第三章探究阿美語名物化現象與名詞組結構。阿美語的名物化現象與其分裂句兩者之間有極為密切的關係，因為舉凡阿美語分裂句的子句均須被名物化，所以我們在第四章阿美語分裂句的討論之前，必須瞭解阿美語名物化。此外，為了對於阿美語名物化有完整及清楚的認識，我們進而研究阿美語的名詞組結構。
第四章介紹阿美語的分裂句結構。分裂句結構是一種極為特殊的句型結構，主要是為了傳達溝通上的焦點（focus），分裂句結構（cleft constructions）又可細分成分裂句（cleft）與準分裂句（pseudo-clefts）兩種。先前的文獻中曾做過南島語言的分裂句結構只有張仲良（1996）、張永利（1997）與張雅音（1998），而這些前人研究的賽德克語、噶瑪蘭語、鄒語這三個南島語言之中，其所發現的分裂句結構均屬於準分裂句，但非分裂句。在本文阿美語分裂句的研究中，筆者發現阿美語不但有準分裂句，還有分裂句及分裂變句（cleft variants）。
我們發現若干分裂句所呈現的特殊句法現象。阿美語的分裂句、分裂變句、準分裂句這三者的共通點有兩點，其一為這三者的分裂名詞組（即焦點）不可有未確定（unspecific）的語意，其二為阿美語的分裂據結構均遵守「主語感應」（subject-sensitivity）。此外，我們可在阿美語的各種語態，即主動語態（actor voice）、受事語態（patient voice）、地方語態（locative voice）、工具語態（instrument voice），找到準分裂句；但是分裂句以及分裂變句卻只能在主動語態與受事語態。
在對分裂句作完細部調查之後，我們進而嘗試以管束句法學（Government and Binding Theory）與原則與參數原則（Principles and Parameters Theory）來探究台灣南島語中阿美語的分裂句結構（cleft constructions）的疑問詞移位現象，以及其他的相關的疑問詞結構（wh-constructions）：疑問詞問句（wh-questions）、關係子句（relative clauses）、主題句結構（topic construction）。阿美語的這四種疑問詞結構中呈現兩種不同的疑問詞移位，分裂句結構、疑問詞問句、關係子句的疑問詞移位是發生在邏輯形式結構（LF），而主題句結構的疑問詞移位則發生在表層結構（S-structure）。
第五章為總結。報告本文的主要貢獻，並將若干需要進一步調查的研究一併在此總結。

CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS IN AMIS
(ABSTRACT)
This thesis aims at investigating the cleft constructions in Amis, one of the Formosan Austronesian languages, under the framework of the “Government and Binding Theory” and the “Principles and Parameters Theory.”
This thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter 1 introduces both linguistic and non-linguistic points about Amis. Chapter 2 provides the sketch of the Amis grammar. Because all the Amis cleft clauses are obligatorily nominalized, Chapter 3 examines both the nominalization and the noun phrase structures in Amis.
Chapter 4 explores the Amis cleft constructions. Cleft construction indicates a syntactic structure where a certain constituent in this construction is separated to receive semantic focus and to express communicative dynamism. The cleft constructions cover the clefts and pseudo-clefts. The previous studies on the Formosan cleft constructions are not as ample as expect. Only three theses advert to the cleft constructions of the three Formosan languages, Seediq, Kavalan and Tsou. They are Chung-lian Chang (1996), Yung-li Chang (1997) and Ya-yin Chang (1998). And their findings of the cleft constructions are all pseudo-clefts, not clefts. In this thesis, not only pseudo-clefts but also clefts and cleft variants are attested in Amis.
There are several characteristics in the Amis cleft constructions. In the first place, the cleft NPs of the clefts, cleft variants, pseudo-clefts cannot be “unspecific” in reading. Moreover, the pseudo-clefts can be attested in each voice, while the clefts and cleft variants can only be attested in AV and PV.
We also examine the wh-movement in the Amis cleft constructions and three related wh-constructions, wh-questions, relative clauses and topic construction. Mainly based on the wh-diagnostic properties of subjacency condition, we find that all the wh-constructions undergo wh-movement in LF except for the topic construction. On the contrary, the wh-movement of the Amis topic construction applies at S-structure.
Chapter 5 reports the findings of this thesis and notes some remarkable points to leave them for further study.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.................................................................................... i
ABSTRACT (ENGLISH)......................................................................................... iii
ABSTRACT (CHINESE).......................................................................................... v
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS........................................................................................... viii
1. INTRODUCTION................................................................................................ 1
1.0 Introduction................................................................................................. 1
1.1 General Background.................................................................................... 1
1.1.1 The Language.................................................................................. 1
1.1.2 The Informants................................................................................. 4
1.1.3 The Linguistic Position of Amis...................................................... 7
1.2 Review of the Previous Studies................................................................... 9
1.2.1 The Researchers from Japan............................................................ 9
1.2.2 The Researchers in Taiwan.............................................................. 10
1.2.3 The Researchers from Mainland China........................................... 12
1.2.4 Miscellany........................................................................................ 13
1.3 Theoretical Framework................................................................................ 13
1.4 The Adopted Phonetic System..................................................................... 14
1.5 Outline of the Thesis.................................................................................... 16
2. A SKECTCH OF AMIS GRAMMAR.................................................................. 17
2.0 Introduction.................................................................................................. 17
2.1 Voice System................................................................................................ 17
2.1.1 Actor Voice....................................................................................... 19
2.1.2 Patient Voice..................................................................................... 21
2.1.3 Locative Voice.................................................................................. 22
2.1.4 Instrument Voice.............................................................................. 24
2.2 Word Order.................................................................................................. 28
2.3 Personal Pronominal System........................................................................ 30
2.4 Case Marking System and Noun Classifier System..................................... 33
2.5 Imperative Construction............................................................................... 39
2.6 Negative Construction................................................................................. 41
2.7 Summary...................................................................................................... 46
3. NOMINALIZATION AND NOUN PHRASE STRUCTURES IN AMIS............ 47
3.0 Introduction................................................................................................. 47
3.1 Amis Nominalization.................................................................................. 47
3.1.1 Nominalization in AV Construction................................................ 47
3.1.2 Nominalization in NAV Construction.............................................. 51
3.1.3 Nominalizers.......................................................................... 57
3.2 Amis Noun Phrase Structures...................................................................... 58
3.2.1 Head-initial NP Structures............................................................... 59
3.2.1.1 Possessives........................................................................... 59
3.2.1.2 Nominal Attributes............................................................... 60
3.2.2 Head-final NP Structures................................................................ 61
3.2.2.1 Numeral Specifiers............................................................. 61
3.2.2.2 Adjectival Attributes........................................................... 62
3.2.2.3 Demonstratives.................................................................... 64
3.2.2.4 Relative Clauses................................................................... 65
4.2.2.4.1 Restrictive Relative Clauses.................................... 68
4.2.2.4.2 Headless Relative Clauses....................................... 70
4.2.2.4.3 Nonrestrictive Relative Clauses............................... 72
3.3 Internal Linear Order.................................................................................... 77
3.4 Summary...................................................................................................... 82
4. CLEFT CONSTRUCTIONS IN AMIS................................................................. 83
4.0 Introduction.................................................................................................. 83
4.1 Cleft Constructions in Amis........................................................................ 83
4.1.1 Cleft Constructions in Chinese and English.................................... 84
4.1.1.1 Clefts in Chinese and English............................................. 84
4.1.1.2 Pseudo-clefts in Chinese and English................................. 86
4.1.2 Previous Studies on Formosan Cleft Construction.......................... 90
4.1.2.1 Chung-lian Chang (1996): Seediq pseudo-clefts................. 91
4.1.2.2 Yung-li Chang (1997): Seediq and Kavalan Pseudo-clefts... 92
4.1.2.3. Ya-yin Chang (1998): Tsou Pseudo-clefts........................... 95
4.1.3 Amis Cleft Constructions................................................................ 98
4.1.3.1 Amis Pseudo-clefts.............................................................. 98
4.1.3.2 Amis Clefts........................................................................... 105
4.1.3.3 Amis Cleft Variants.............................................................. 114
4.2 WH-movement in Amis Cleft Constructions.............................................. 122
4.2.1 Theoretical Background................................................................... 122
4.2.2 WH-movement in Amis Cleft Construction.................................... 130
4.2.2.1 WH-movement in Amis pseudo-clefts................................ 131
4.2.2.2 WH-movement in Amis Clefts............................................ 134
4.2.2.3 WH-movement in Amis Cleft Variants................................ 137
4.2.3 Related WH-constructions in Amis................................................. 138
4.2.3.1 WH-movement in WH-questions........................................ 138
4.2.3.2 WH-movement in Topic Construction................................. 142
4.2.3.3 WH-movement in Relative Clauses..................................... 145
4.2.4 WH-movement in Amis................................................................... 146
4.3 Summary...................................................................................................... 148
5. CONCLUSION...................................................................................................... 151
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................

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