臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本研究利用超音波化學並添加過碘酸鹽針對全氟辛酸之降解進行探討。過碘酸鹽可透過超音波產生的空化作用發生熱裂解反應，而釋放出具有強氧化性的自由基，如碘酸根自由基（IO3．）、過碘酸根自由基（IO4．）及氫氧自由基（OH．）等，這些氧化性物質可促進全氟辛酸之氧化分解。本研究探討不同操作參數對於超音波降解全氟辛酸的效應影響，包括過碘酸鹽濃度效應、全氟辛酸溶液初始pH值效應、飽和氣體、鹽類添加以及自由基抑制劑的影響。
　　全氟辛酸在單一超音波系統反應下，當pH值為4，經過120分鐘其去除率僅有26%，但加入4.5 mM的過碘酸鹽其效率可達到62%。而隨著過碘酸鉀濃度的增加，全氟辛酸之降解率也隨之提高，當過碘酸鹽濃度為45 mM時，其降解率與脫氟率可高達93%以上，且全氟辛酸之降解動力符合擬一階反應動力模式，反應速率常數（kobs）為0.0222 min-1。此外，於酸性條件（pH=4）下之反應速率僅為鹼性條件（pH=11）下之1.05倍，因此無論在酸性或鹼性的環境下，其降解全氟辛酸之差異性並不明顯。比較不同飽和氣體對全氟辛酸降解的影響顯示，其反應速率大小為 kN2 > knon-aeration > kair > kO2，因此採用氮氣作為飽和氣體有利於全氟辛酸之降解，其降解率為70%左右；而氧氣會抑制活性自由基的產生，影響超音波結合過碘酸鹽系統降解全氟辛酸之效率。添加鹽類可改變全氟辛酸之物化特性，如蒸氣壓、表面張力等，可增強空化效應使更多的渦泡崩解。此外，當鹽類加入水溶液時，鹽離子會造成鹽析效應（salting-out effect )，促使全氟辛酸向氣液界面移動，與自由基反應發生。結果顯示，其反應速率之大小為 kKBr > kNaCl > kNa2SO4，且隨著溴離子濃度的增加，有助於促進全氟辛酸之降解，當濃度為35 mM時，其分解率與脫氟率可高達87%與89%。以第三丁醇（C4H9OH）作為自由基抑制劑，其會消耗碘酸根自由基（IO3．）與氫氧自由基（OH．），對全氟辛酸之去除有顯著的抑制作用。

In this study, the introduction of periodate (IO4－) on sonochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) in aqueous solution using ultrasonic (US) irradiation was investigated. This enhancement of PFOA decomposition is due to the degradation of IO4－ by pyrolytic cleavage in cavitation bubbles, which conducts to the release of oxidizing free radicals such as IO3．, IO4．and OH．that can accelerate the decomposition of PFOA. The effects of various parameters such as the concentration of IO4－, the initial pH of the solution, saturated gases, salts and free radicals inhibitors adding in US/IO4－ system have been investigated.
The decomposition efficiency of PFOA is only 26% using ultrasonic (US) irradiation at pH 4.0 in 120 min but can be enhanced to 62% with adding IO4－ dosage of 4.5mM. Increasing of the concentration of IO4－will result in increase of decomposition and defluorination efficiency of PFOA which reached as high as 93% in the presence of 45mM IO4－. The PFOA decomposition reactions can be well simulated with pseudo first-order kinetics and the rate constant (kobs) is 0.0222 min-1. In addition, the decomposition rate under acidic condition (pH=4) is about 1.05 times faster than under alkaline condition (pH=11). There are insignificant differences between acidic and alkaline conditions on the decomposition of PFOA.
Comparison on decomposition of PFOA with a variety of saturated gases shows that the reaction rate is kN2 > knon-aeration > kair > kO2. It would be beneficial to use nitrogen on enhancement of PFOA decomposition because of the decomposition efficiency 70%. However, the reaction of the US/ IO4－ system may be inhibited or terminated by oxygen due to inhibiting the generation of the free radicals. With dissolved salts as additives can alter the physicochemical properties such as vapor pressure and surface tension of PFOA facilitating generation of more violent collapse of the cavities. Moreover, ions present during sonication aqueous solution may induce an occurrence called the salting-out effect. This phenomenon pushes PFOA toward the bubble-bulk solution interface which is the main reaction sites. The results showed that the reaction rate is kKBr > kNaCl > kNa2SO4 and bromide ions exhibited a promoting effect to enhance the decomposition of PFOA with the increasing of the concentration. When the concentration of bromide ions is 35 mM, the decomposition and defluorination efficiency were 87% and 89%. The tert-butyl alcohol as the free radical scavengers can easily scavenge active species, such as IO3．and OH．, having strong oxidizing properties which will markedly inhibit the removal of PFOA in aqueous solution.

口試委員審定書 i
誌謝 iii
摘要 v
Abstract vii
總目錄 ix
圖目錄 xii
表目錄 xiv
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 前言 1
1.2 研究目的 3
1.3 研究內容 4
第二章 文獻回顧 5
2.1 全氟化合物之污染及危害 5
2.1.1 全氟化合物 5
2.1.2 全氟化合物之危害特性 7
2.1.3 全氟辛酸之物化特性 10
2.1.4 全氟辛酸之污染與環境宿命 13
2.1.5 全氟辛酸對人體之健康影響 14
2.2 國內外全氟化合物之現況及規範 16
2.2.1 國外全氟化合物之現況 16
2.2.2 台灣全氟化合物之現況 17
2.3 全氟化合物之處理技術 19
2.3.1 傳統高級氧化處理法 19
2.3.2 光化學氧化法 21
2.3.3 超音波氧化法 24
2.3.3 活性碳吸附法 30
2.4 過碘酸鹽氧化劑之實際應用 31
2.4.1 過碘酸鹽 31
2.4.2 過碘酸鹽之作用機制與應用 33
第三章 實驗方法與材料 37
3.1 研究架構 37
3.2 實驗試劑與裝置 39
3.2.1 實驗使用試劑 39
3.2.2 實驗使用儀器裝置 40
3.3 實驗分析方法 41
3.4 PFOA降解實驗 44
3.5 實驗操作參數 45
3.5.1 過碘酸鹽之濃度試驗 45
3.5.2 初始pH值之影響試驗 45
3.5.3 飽和氣體之影響試驗 45
3.5.4 鹽類之影響試驗 46
3.5.5 抑制劑之影響試驗 46
第四章 結果與討論 47
4.1 背景實驗 47
4.2 過碘酸鹽初始濃度對PFOA降解之影響 50
4.3 溶液初始pH對PFOA降解之影響 53
4.4 不同飽和氣體對PFOA降解之影響 57
4.5 鹽類對PFOA降解之影響 61
4.6 自由基抑制劑對PFOA降解之影響 66
4.7 US/ IO4－系統之質量平衡與反應機制 69
4.7.1 質量平衡 69
4.7.2 反應機制 70
第五章 結論與建議 73
5.1 結論 73
5.2 建議 75
參考文獻 77
附錄 89

Adewuyi, Y. G. (2001), "Sonochemistry: Environmental science and engineering applications." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 40(22), 4681-4715.
Adewuyi, Y. G. (2005), "Sonochemistry in environmental remediation. 2. Heterogeneous sonophotocatalytic oxidation processes for the treatment of pollutants in water." Environmental Science & Technology, 39(22), 8557-8570.
Ai, Z. H., J. P. Li, L. Z. Zhang and S. C. Lee (2010), "Rapid decolorization of azo dyes in aqueous solution by an ultrasound-assisted electrocatalytic oxidation process." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17(2), 370-375.
Apelberg, B. J., F. R. Witter, J. B. Herbstman, A. M. Calafat, R. U. Halden, L. L. Needham and L. R. Goldman (2007), "Cord serum concentrations of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in relation to weight and size at birth." Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(11), 1670-1676.
Armitage, J., I. T. Cousins, R. C. Buck, K. Prevedouros, M. H. Russell, M. MacLeod and S. H. Korzeniowski (2006), "Modeling global-scale fate and transport of perfluorooctanoate emitted from direct sources." Environmental Science & Technology, 40(22), 6969-6975.
Berlan, J. and T. J. Mason (1992), "Sonochemistry - from Research Laboratories to Industrial-Plants." Ultrasonics, 30(4), 203-212.
Brotchie, A., T. Statham, M. F. Zhou, L. Dharmarathne, F. Grieser and M. Ashokkumar (2010), "Acoustic Bubble Sizes, Coalescence, and Sonochemical Activity in Aqueous Electrolyte Solutions Saturated with Different Gases." Langmuir, 26(15), 12690-12695.
Cacace, M. G., E. M. Landau and J. J. Ramsden (1997), "The Hofmeister series: salt and solvent effects on interfacial phenomena." Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics, 30(3), 241-277.
Cao, M. H., B. B. Wang, H. S. Yu, L. L. Wang, S. H. Yuan and J. Chen (2010), "Photochemical decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid in aqueous periodate with VUV and UV light irradiation." Journal of Hazardous Materials, 179(1-3), 1143-1146.
Chen, J. and P. Zhang (2006), "Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid in water under irradiation of 254 nm and 185 nm light by use of persulfate." Water Science and Technology, 54(11-12), 317-325.
Chen, J., P. Y. Zhang and J. Liu (2007a), "Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light." Journal of Environmental Sciences-China, 19(4), 387-390.
Chen, X., T. Yang, S. Kataoka and P. S. Cremer (2007b), "Specific ion effects on interfacial water structure near macromolecules." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(40), 12272-12279.
Cheng, J., C. D. Vecitis, M. R. Hoffmann and A. J. Colussi (2006), "Experimental anion affinities for the air/water interface." Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 110(51), 25598-25602.
Cheng, J., C. D. Vecitis, H. Park, B. T. Mader and M. R. Hoffmann (2010), "Sonochemical Degradation of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate (PFOS) and Perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in Groundwater: Kinetic Effects of Matrix Inorganics." Environmental Science & Technology, 44(1), 445-450.
D''eon, J. C. and S. A. Mabury (2007), "Production of perfluorinated carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from the biotransformation of polyfluoroalkyl phosphate surfictants (PAPS): Exploring routes of human contamination." Environmental Science & Technology, 41(13), 4799-4805.
Dillert, R., D. Bahnemann and H. Hidaka (2007), "Light-induced degradation of perfluorocarboxylic acids in the presence of titanium dioxide." Chemosphere, 67(4), 785-792.
Flyunt, R., A. Leitzke, G. Mark, E. Mvula, E. Reisz, R. Schick and C. von Sonntag (2003), "Determination of (OH)-O-center dot, O-2(center dot-), and hydroperoxide yields in ozone reactions in aqueous solution." Journal of Physical Chemistry B, 107(30), 7242-7253.
Fromme, H., O. Midasch, D. Twardella, J. Angerer, S. Boehmer and B. Liebl (2007), "Occurrence of perfluorinated substances in an adult German population in southern Bavaria." International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(4), 313-319.
Fujii, S., C. Polprasert, S. Tanaka, N. P. H. Lien and Y. Qiu (2007), "New POPs in the water environment: distribution, bioaccumulation and treatment of perfluorinated compounds - a review paper." Journal of Water Supply Research and Technology-Aqua, 56(5), 313-326.
Furdui, V. I., N. L. Stock, D. A. Ellis, C. M. Butt, D. M. Whittle, P. W. Crozier, E. J. Reiner, D. C. G. Muir and S. A. Mabury (2007), "Spatial distribution of perfluoroalkyl contaminants in lake trout from the Great Lakes." Environmental Science & Technology, 41(5), 1554-1559.
Gebbink, W. A., C. E. Hebert and R. J. Letcher (2009), "Perfluorinated Carboxylates and Sulfonates and Precursor Compounds in Herring Gull Eggs from Colonies Spanning the Laurentian Great Lakes of North America." Environmental Science & Technology, 43(19), 7443-7449.
Ghodbane, H. and O. Hamdaoui (2009), "Intensification of sonochemical decolorization of anthraquinonic dye Acid Blue 25 using carbon tetrachloride." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16(4), 455-461.
Giesy, J. P. and K. Kannan (2002), "Perfluorochemical surfactants in the environment." Environmental Science & Technology, 36(7), 146a-152a.
Gogate, P. R., S. Mujumdar and A. B. Pandit (2002), "A sonophotochemical reactor for the removal of formic acid from wastewater." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 41(14), 3370-3378.
Gratzel, C. K., M. Jirousek and M. Gratzel (1990), "Decomposition of Organophosphorus Compounds on Photoactivated Tio2 Surfaces." Journal of Molecular Catalysis, 60(3), 375-387.
Gultekin, I., G. Tezcanli-Guyer and N. H. Ince (2009), "Sonochemical decay of CI Acid Orange 8: Effects of CCl4 and t-butyl alcohol." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 16(4), 577-581.
Guo, W., Y. Shi, H. Wang, H. Yang and G. Zhang (2010), "Intensification of sonochemical degradation of antibiotics levofloxacin using carbon tetrachloride." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 17(4), 680-684.
Hekster, F. M., R. W. P. M. Laane and P. de Voogt (2003), "Environmental and toxicity effects of perfluoroalkylated substances." Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Vol 179, 179, 99-121.
Holmstrom, K. E., U. Jarnberg and A. Bignert (2005), "Temporal trends of PFOS and PFOA in guillemot eggs from the Baltic Sea, 1968-2003." Environmental Science & Technology, 39(1), 80-84.
Hori, H., E. Hayakawa, H. Einaga, S. Kutsuna, K. Koike, T. Ibusuki, H. Kiatagawa and R. Arakawa (2004), "Decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluorooctanoic acid in water by photochemical approaches." Environmental Science & Technology, 38(22), 6118-6124.
Hori, H., A. Yamamoto, E. Hayakawa, S. Taniyasu, N. Yamashita and S. Kutsuna (2005), "Efficient decomposition of environmentally persistent perfluorocarboxylic acids by use of persulfate as a photochemical oxidant." Environmental Science & Technology, 39(7), 2383-2388.
Innes, K. E., A. M. Ducatman, M. I. Luster and A. Shankar (2011), "Association of Osteoarthritis With Serum Levels of the Environmental Contaminants Perfluorooctanoate and Perfluorooctane Sulfonate in a Large Appalachian Population." American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(4), 440-450.
Jahnke, A., U. Berger, R. Ebinghaus and C. Temme (2007), "Latitudinal gradient of airborne polyfluorinated alkyl substances in the marine atmosphere between Germany and South Africa (53 degrees N-33 degrees S)." Environmental Science & Technology, 41(9), 3055-3061.
Johansson, N., A. Fredriksson and P. Eriksson (2008), "Neonatal exposure to perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) causes neurobehavioural defects in adult mice." Neurotoxicology, 29(1), 160-169.
Jones, P. D., W. Y. Hu, W. De Coen, J. L. Newsted and J. P. Giesy (2003), "Binding of perfluorinated fatty acids to serum proteins." Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 22(11), 2639-2649.
Kannan, K., L. Tao, E. Sinclair, S. D. Pastva, D. J. Jude and J. P. Giesy (2005), "Perfluorinated compounds in aquatic organisms at various trophic levels in a Great Lakes food chain." Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 48(4), 559-566.
Katekhaye, S. N. and P. R. Gogate (2011), "Intensification of cavitational activity in sonochemical reactors using different additives: Efficacy assessment using a model reaction." Chemical Engineering and Processing: Process Intensification, 50(1), 95-103.
Kennedy, G. L. (1985), "Dermal Toxicity of Ammonium Perfluorooctanoate." Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 81(2), 348-355.
Kennedy, G. L., J. L. Butenhoff, G. W. Olsen, J. C. O''Connor, A. M. Seacat, R. G. Perkins, L. B. Biegel, S. R. Murphy and D. G. Farrar (2004), "The toxicology of perfluorooctanoate." Critical Reviews in Toxicology, 34(4), 351-384.
Kissa, E. (1994), "Fluorinated Surfactants in Blood." Journal of Fluorine Chemistry, 66(1), 5-6.
Klaning, U. K. and K. Sehested (1978), "Photolysis of Periodate and Periodic Acid in Aqueous-Solution." Journal of the Chemical Society-Faraday Transactions I, 74, 2818-2838.
Kotronarou, A., G. Mills and M. R. Hoffmann (1992), "Decomposition of Parathion in Aqueous-Solution by Ultrasonic Irradiation." Environmental Science & Technology, 26(7), 1460-1462.
Lau, C., J. R. Thibodeaux, R. G. Hanson, M. G. Narotsky, J. M. Rogers, A. B. Lindstrom and M. J. Strynar (2006), "Effects of perfluorooctanoic acid exposure during pregnancy in the mouse." Toxicological Sciences, 90(2), 510-518.
Lee, C. and J. Yoon (2004), "Application of photoactivated periodate to the decolorization of reactive dye: reaction parameters and mechanism." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a-Chemistry, 165(1-3), 35-41.
Legan, R. W. (1982), "Ultraviolet-Light Takes on Cpi Role." Chemical Engineering, 89(2), 95-100.
Lemal, D. M. (2004), "Perspective on fluorocarbon chemistry." Journal of Organic Chemistry, 69(1), 1-11.
Lin, A. Y. C., S. C. Panchangam and P. S. Ciou (2010), "High levels of perfluorochemicals in Taiwan''s wastewater treatment plants and downstream rivers pose great risk to local aquatic ecosystems." Chemosphere, 80(10), 1167-1174.
Lin, A. Y. C., S. C. Panchangam and C. C. Lo (2009), "The impact of semiconductor, electronics and optoelectronic industries on downstream perfluorinated chemical contamination in Taiwanese rivers." Environmental Pollution, 157(4), 1365-1372.
Luebker, D. J., K. J. Hansen, N. M. Bass, J. L. Butenhoff and A. M. Seacat (2002), "Interactions of flurochemicals with rat liver fatty acid-binding protein." Toxicology, 176(3), 175-185.
Martin, S. T., A. T. Lee and M. R. Hoffmann (1995), "Chemical Mechanism of Inorganic Oxidants in the Tio2/Uv Process - Increased Rates of Degradation of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons." Environmental Science & Technology, 29(10), 2567-2573.
Midasch, O. and J. Angerer (2006), "Pilot study on the perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid exposure of the general population." Epidemiology, 17(6), S176-S177.
Midasch, O., T. Schettgen and J. Angerer (2006), "Pilot study on the perfluorooctanesulfonate and perfluorooctanoate exposure of the German general population." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 209(6), 489-496.
Minero, C., M. Lucchiari, D. Vione and V. Maurino (2005), "Fe(III)-enhanced sonochemical degradation of methylene blue in aqueous solution." Environmental Science & Technology, 39(22), 8936-8942.
Morikawa, A., N. Kamei, K. Harada, K. Inoue, T. Yoshinaga, N. Saito and A. Koizumi (2006), "The bioconcentration factor of perfluorooctane sulfonate is significantly larger than that of perfluorooctanoate in wild turtles (Trachemys scripta elegans and Chinemys reevesii): An Ai river ecological study in Japan." Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 65(1), 14-21.
Moriwaki, H., Y. Takagi, M. Tanaka, K. Tsuruho, K. Okitsu and Y. Maeda (2005), "Sonochemical decomposition of perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid." Environmental Science & Technology, 39(9), 3388-3392.
Moumeni, O. and O. Hamdaoui (2012), "Intensification of sonochemical degradation of malachite green by bromide ions." Ultrasonics Sonochemistry, 19(3), 404-409.
Nagata, Y., K. Hirai, H. Bandow and Y. Maeda (1996), "Decomposition of hydroxybenzoic and humic acids in water by ultrasonic irradiation." Environmental Science & Technology, 30(4), 1133-1138.
Noltingk, B. E. and E. A. Neppiras (1950), "Cavitation Produced by Ultrasonics." Proceedings of the Physical Society of London Section B, 63(369), 674-685.
OECD (2002), Co-operation on Existing Chemicals - Hazard Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonate and its Salts, Environment Directorate Joint Meeting of the Chemicals Committe and the Working Party on Chemicals, Pesticides and Biothechnology, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, Paris, 21 November 2002.
OECD (2007b), Qualifications and Lifelong Learning, Policy Brief, April 2007.
Ochoa-Herrera, V. and R. Sierra-Alvarez (2008), "Removal of perfluorinated surfactants by sorption onto granular activated carbon, zeolite and sludge." Chemosphere, 72(10), 1588-1593.
Olsen, G. W., J. M. Burris, D. J. Ehresman, J. W. Froehlich, A. M. Seacat, J. L. Butenhoff and L. R. Zobel (2007), "Half-life of serum elimination of perfluorooctanesulfonate, perfluorohexanesulfonate, and perfluorooctanoate in retired fluorochemical production workers." Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(9), 1298-1305.
Park, H., C. D. Vecitis, J. Cheng, W. Choi, B. T. Mader and M. R. Hoffmann (2009), "Reductive Defluorination of Aqueous Perfluorinated Alkyl Surfactants: Effects of Ionic Headgroup and Chain Length." Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 113(4), 690-696.
Paul, A. G., K. C. Jones and A. J. Sweetman (2009), "A First Global Production, Emission, And Environmental Inventory For Perfluorooctane Sulfonate." Environmental Science & Technology, 43(2), 386-392.
Pelizzetti, E., V. Carlin, C. Minero and M. Gratzel (1991), "Enhancement of the Rate of Photocatalytic Degradation on Tio2 of 2-Chlorophenol, 2,7-Dichlorodibenzodioxin and Atrazine by Inorganic Oxidizing Species." New Journal of Chemistry, 15(5), 351-359.
Peller, J., O. Wiest and P. V. Kamat (2001), "Sonolysis of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid in aqueous solutions. Evidence for (OH)-O-center dot-radical-mediated degradation." Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 105(13), 3176-3181.
Prevedouros, K., I. T. Cousins, R. C. Buck and S. H. Korzeniowski (2006), "Sources, fate and transport of perfluorocarboxylates." Environmental Science & Technology, 40(1), 32-44.
Price, G. J., M. Ashokkumar, T. D. Cowan and F. Grieser (2002), "Sonoluminescence quenching by organic acids in aqueous solution: pH and frequency effects." Chemical Communications,(16), 1740-1741.
Quinones, O. and S. A. Snyder (2009), "Occurrence of Perfluoroalkyl Carboxylates and Sulfonates in Drinking Water Utilities and Related Waters from the United States." Environmental Science & Technology, 43(24), 9089-9095.
Ratoarinoro, F. Contamine, A. M. Wilhelm, J. Berlan and H. Delmas (1995), "Activation of a Solid-Liquid Chemical-Reaction by Ultrasound." Chemical Engineering Science, 50(3), 554-558.
Ravichandran, L., K. Selvam, B. Krishnakumar and M. Swaminathan (2009), "Photovalorisation of pentafluorobenzoic acid with platinum doped TiO2." Journal of Hazardous Materials, 167(1-3), 763-769.
Sandler, S. I., (2002), “ Chemical and Engineering Thermodynamics.” 3 rd ed. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press.
Schroder, H. F. and R. J. W. Meesters (2005), "Stability of fluorinated surfactants in advanced oxidation processes - A follow up of degradation products using flow injection-mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-multiple stage mass spectrometry." Journal of Chromatography A, 1082(1), 110-119.
Seymour, J. D. and R. B. Gupta (1997), "Oxidation of aqueous pollutants using ultrasound: Salt-induced enhancement." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 36(9), 3453-3457.
Siegrist, R. L., Urynowicz, M., West, O. R., Crimi, M. L., Lowe, K. S. (2001), “Principl and Practic s of in situ chemical Oxidation Using P rmanganat ”. Battelle Press.
Sivakumar, R. and K. Muthukumar (2011), "Sonochemical Degradation of Pharmaceutical Wastewater." Clean-Soil Air Water, 39(2), 136-141.
Sunartio, D., M. Ashokkumar and F. Grieser (2007), "Study of the coalescence of acoustic bubbles as a function of frequency, power, and water-soluble additives." Journal of the American Chemical Society, 129(18), 6031-6036.
Sutkar, V. S. and P. R. Gogate (2010), "Mapping of cavitational activity in high frequency sonochemical reactor." Chemical Engineering Journal, 158(2), 296-304.
Szajdzinska-Pietek, E. and J. L. Gebicki (2000), "Pulse radiolytic investigation of perfluorinated surfactants in aqueous solutions." Research on Chemical Intermediates, 26(9), 897-912.
Tang, X. and L. K. Weavers (2007), "Decomposition of hydrolysates of chemical warfare agents using photoactivated periodate." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology a-Chemistry, 187(2-3), 311-318.
Tomy, G. T., W. Budakowski, T. Halldorson, P. A. Helm, G. A. Stern, K. Friesen, K. Pepper, S. A. Tittlemier and A. T. Fisk (2004), "Fluorinated organic compounds in an eastern Arctic marine food web." Environmental Science & Technology, 38(24), 6475-6481.
US EPA (2002), “Hazard assessment of perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts”, 107 pp, Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics - Risk Assessment Division, US.
U. S. (2003), Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pollution Prevention and Toxics Risk Assessment Division. Preliminary risk assessment of the developmental toxicity associated with exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid and its salts〔R〕. U. S. Environmental Protection Agency Office.
Vecitis, C. D., H. Park, J. Cheng, B. T. Mader and M. R. Hoffmann (2008), "Kinetics and mechanism of the sonolytic conversion of the aqueous perfluorinated surfactants, perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) into inorganic products." Journal of Physical Chemistry A, 112(18), 4261-4270.
Vecitis, C. D., H. Park, J. Cheng, B. T. Mader and M. R. Hoffmann (2009), "Treatment technologies for aqueous perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA)." Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering in China, 3(2), 129-151.
Wagner, I. and H. Strehlow (1982), "Flash-Photolysis in Aqueous Periodate-Solutions." Berichte Der Bunsen-Gesellschaft-Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 86(4), 297-301.
Wang, Y. B. and C. S. Hong (1999), "Effect of hydrogen peroxide, periodate and persulfate on photocatalysis of 2-chlorobiphenyl in aqueous TiO2 suspensions." Water Research, 33(9), 2031-2036.
Wania, F. (2007), "A global mass balance analysis of the source of perfluorocarboxylic acids in the Arctic ocean." Environmental Science & Technology, 41(13), 4529-4535.
Weavers, L. K., I. Hua and M. R. Hoffmann (1997), "Degradation of triethanolamine and chemical oxygen demand reduction in wastewater by photoactivated periodate." Water Environment Research, 69(6), 1112-1119.
Wilhelm, M., J. Angerer, H. Fromme and J. Holzer (2009), "Contribution to the evaluation of reference values for PFOA and PFOS in plasma of children and adults from Germany." International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 212(1), 56-60.
Yamashita, N., K. Kannan, S. Taniyasu, Y. Horii, G. Petrick and T. Gamo (2005), "A global survey of perfluorinated acids in oceans." Marine Pollution Bulletin, 51(8-12), 658-668.
Ye, X. B., M. J. Strynar, S. F. Nakayama, J. Varns, L. Helfant, J. Lazorchak and A. B. Lindstrom (2008), "Perfluorinated compounds in whole fish homogenates from the Ohio, Missouri, and Upper Mississippi Rivers, USA." Environmental Pollution, 156(3), 1227-1232.
Yoo, Y. E., N. Takenaka, H. Bandow, Y. Nagata and Y. Maeda (1997), "Characteristics of volatile fatty acids degradation in aqueous solution by the action of ultrasound." Water Research, 31(6), 1532-1535.
Young, C. J., V. I. Furdui, J. Franklin, R. M. Koerner, D. C. G. Muir and S. A. Mabury (2007), "Perfluorinated acids in arctic snow: New evidence for atmospheric formation." Environmental Science & Technology, 41(10), 3455-3461.
3M (2003), Environmental and Health Assessment of Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid and its Salts. Prepared by 3M Company, with J. Moore (Hollyhouse Inc.), J. Rodericks and D. Turnbull (Environ Corp.) and W. Warren-Hicks and Colleagues (The Cadmus Group, Inc.).
李維豐、黃宛淇、廖述良（2006），「我國全氟辛烷磺酸鹽管理制度與策略之探討」中華民國環境工程學會環境規劃與管理研討會
李維豐（2006），「全氟辛烷磺酸鹽有效管理制度與策略之研究以台灣為例」，碩士論文，國立中央大學環境工程研究所
李育輯（2010），「微波活化過硫酸鹽破壞去除水中全氟辛酸之研究」，博士論文，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所

林怡伶（2011），「利用過硫酸鹽在室溫下氧化全氟辛酸之研究」，碩士論文，國立台灣大學環境工程學研究所