臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
安貝卡博士（Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar，1891-1956年）是近代印度史上最傑出的政治家、社會改革家、思想家、佛教復興領袖、印度憲法起草者及不可接觸者領袖。他出生於印度教社會最底層的不可接觸者種姓家庭，曾飽受種姓制度和不可接觸制殘酷無情的壓迫和歧視，遂終其一生為不可接觸者的生存權利和人權而奮鬥，致力於將不可接觸者從印度教社會解救出來。
1956年10月14日，安貝卡帶領四十萬名不可接觸者放棄印度教信仰，皈依佛教。這是印度史上史無前例的大規模集體改宗運動。那麼，安貝卡為何放棄印度教信仰？為何選擇改信佛教？其改信佛教運動的內涵與意義究竟為何？本研究就此探究之。
本研究結論為：
（1）安貝卡改信佛教運動的內涵是：實踐自由、平等、博愛的理想社會，亦即一個公正、無種姓制度的印度社會。
（2）安貝卡改信佛教運動的意義是：反抗印度教及種姓制度和不可接觸制。
總體而言，安貝卡改信佛教運動乃安貝卡解救不可接觸者的主要途徑之一。

Abstract

Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar（1891-1956） is of the most outstanding politician, social reformist, Buddhism revivalist, the chief architect of Indian Constitution, and leader of the Untouchable in modern India. He was born at the schedule caste family of the lowest stratification of Hindu society, and had been ruthlessly persecuted and discriminated by the Caste system and Untouchability . Through his life-time, he has been working to fight for the human rights of the untouchables, striving to emancipate the untouchables from the Hindu society.
On 14th October, 1956, Dr. Bhimrao Ramji Ambedkar led a number of 400,000 untouchables to reject the Hinduism, and helped them to embrace Buddhism. This is of the unprecedented large-scale collective conversion movement ever in the history of India, but why would Dr. Ambedkar chose to give up Hinduism? Why would he choose to convert to Buddhism? What is the content and significance of his conversion to Buddhism? This is what the study would explore.
Conclusions of this study:
(1) The content of conversion to Buddhist movement by Dr. Ambedkar is: to achieve an ideal society of liberty, equality, and fraternity, which is justice and casteless.
(2) The significance of conversion to Buddhist movement by Dr. Ambedkar is: as a way to fight against Hinduism, Caste system, and Untouchability.
As a whole, the conversion of Buddhist movement by Dr. Ambedkar is one of the primary channels to release and rescue the untouchables

目次
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究動機………………………………………………………………….01
第二節 研究範圍與研究方法…………………………………………………….01
第三節 安貝卡研究概況………………………………………………………….09
第四節 研究架構………………………………………………………………….14
第二章 安貝卡（B.R. Ambedkar）的時代、種姓與社會背景
第一節 時代背景：近代不可接觸者運動的興起……………………………….15
第二節 種姓背景：馬哈爾（Mahars）…………………………………………24
第三節 社會背景：前安貝卡時期的不可接觸者領袖………………………….29
第三章 安貝卡的生平、思想淵源與思想概要
第一節 安貝卡的生平事蹟……………………………………………………….36
第二節 安貝卡的思想淵源……………………………………………………….50
第三節 安貝卡的思想概要……………………………………………………….60
第四章 安貝卡為何放棄印度教
第一節 不可接觸制的經歷……………………………………………………….67
第二節 安貝卡的人權抗爭運動………………………………………………….71
第三節 安貝卡與甘地（M.K. Gandhi）的分歧……………………………….83

第五章 安貝卡何以改信佛教
第一節 安貝卡選擇改信佛教的理由…………………………………………….89
第二節 安貝卡的佛教觀………………………………………………………….95
第三節 皈依佛教的進程………………………………………………………….99
第六章 結論
第一節 安貝卡改信佛教運動的影響…………………………………………….104
第二節 安貝卡改信佛教運動的內涵…………………………………………….111
第三節 安貝卡改信佛教運動的意義…………………………………………….113
第四節 總評……………………………………………………………………….114
附 錄 ………………………………………………………………………….118
參考書目 ………………………………………………………………………….129

參考書目
一、安貝卡個人著作及演講
Ahir, D. C., Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches（A Ready Reference Manual of 17 Volumes）, Delhi: B.R. Publishing Corporation, 2007.
Ahir, D. C., pr., Selected Speeches of Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, New Delhi: Blumoon Books, 2000.
Ambedkar, B.R., “Buddha and the Future of His Religion ”in Ahir, D.C., ed., A Panorama of Indian Buddhism, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995.
Ambedkar, B.R., “The Rise and Fall of the Hindu Woman ”in Ahir, D.C., ed., A Panorama of Indian Buddhism: Selections from the Maha Bodhi Journal（1892-1992）, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1995.
Ambedkar, B.R., Annihilation of Caste, New Delhi: Nlumoon Books, 2000.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.3, 1987.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.6, 1989.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.7, 1990.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.8, 1990.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.9, 1991.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.11, 1992.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.12, 1993.
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar: Writings and Speeches, Govt. of Maharashtra, Vol.17, 2003.
Mandal, S. N.,ed., B. R. Ambedkar: His Thoughts and Observations, New Delhi: National, 2003.
Rodrigues, V., ed., The Essential Writings of B.R. Ambedkar, New York: Oxford, 2002.

二、外文書目及期刊論文
Ahir, D. C., Buddhism in Modern India, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1991.
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Ahir, D.C., The Pioneers of Buddhist Revival in India, Delhi: Sri Satguru Publications, 1989.
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Bhoite, U.,“Pre-Ambedkar Untouchable Liberation Movement in Maharashtra”in Wagle, N.k., ed., Writers, Editors and Reformers: Social and Political Transformations of Maharashtra, 1830-1930, New Delhi: Manohar, 1999.
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Conversion of Maharashtrian Untouchables”The Journal of Asian Studies, Vil. 45, No. 2, 1986.
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三、翻譯書籍
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A.L. Bashma編，閔光沛等譯，《印度文化史》，北京：商務印書館出，1999。
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Abbe J.A. Dubois，方之譯，《印度宗教與民俗》，上冊，高雄：元亨寺妙林。
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Karam T. S. Sarao，＜印度佛教衰微之雙重悲劇＞，《印度宗教、藝術與文化學術研討會論文集》，國立歷史博物館，2003年。
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Will Durant，幼獅翻譯中心主編，《印度與南亞》，世界文明史冊三，台北市：幼獅文化事業公司出版，1972。
四、中文書目及期刊論文
《大正新脩大藏經》冊五一，台北：新文豐，1983。
印順，《印度之佛教》，台北：正聞出版社，1992年。
宋子剛編著，《甘地》，台北：婦女與生活社，2001。
尚會鵬，《種姓與印度教社會》，北京：北京大學出版社，2001。
尚勸余，《聖雄甘地宗教哲學研究》，北京：中國社會科學出版社，2004。
林承節，《殖民統治時期的印度史》，北京：北京大學出版社，2004。
林煌洲，《印度教宗教與文化》，台北：東大，2007。
林煌洲，＜印度佛教的近現代發展及現況＞，《印度思想文化與佛教》，台北市：國立歷史博物館，2002。
林煌洲，＜從印度文化史初探佛教的興衰與印度教＞，收錄於林煌洲，《印度思想與文化》，台北市：史博館，2002。
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馬小鶴，《甘地》，台北：東大出版社，1993。
游祥洲，＜論入世佛教與當代印度佛教復興運動─從安貝卡博士到TBMSG的發展進路＞，第五屆印順導師思想之理論與實踐「人間佛教薪火相傳」學術研討會，2004。
游祥洲，＜對於《摩奴法典》人權神化的哲學反省──兼論佛陀與安貝卡的人權思維進路＞，第九屆儒佛會通暨文化哲學學術研討會，2006。
黃心川主編，《當代亞太地區宗教》，北京：宗教文化出版社，2003。
楊曾文編，《當代佛教》，北京：東方出版社，1993。
五、網路資料
BBC News, http://news.bbc.co.uk/
Census of India 2001, http://www.censusindia.net/
Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar and His People, http://www.ambedkar.org/
佛光大辭典，http://sql.fgs.org.tw/webfbd/