臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

溫帶鹿種之生殖活動主要受光照週期之變化所影響。其茸-角週期（velvet-antler cycle）之起迄，血液中睪固酮（testosterone）濃度之起伏及性腺功能性活動（gonadal activity）與配種相關體型之變化等均與配種活動之消長密切關連。羌（muntjac; Muntiacus reevesi）被認為是熱帶-亞熱帶（± 20。N）鹿科動物，其生殖相關文獻甚為少見，尤以藉由活體進行生殖生理研究之文獻為甚。本論文旨在探討精液收集方式（semen collection methods）對台灣山羌（Formosan Reeves’ muntjac; Muntiacus reevesi micrurus）精液品質之影響（研究一），及其精液性狀（semen characteristics）及血液中睪固酮濃度之全年性變化，以探討其睪丸之活動特性（testicular activity）（研究二）；以及性成熟度（sex maturity）對體重、頸圍、睪丸之丈量值等配種相關體尺（gross morphometry related to breeding）和精液性狀之影響（研究三），期以較深入瞭解雄性台灣山羌之生殖生理特性及其與茸角週期變化之關係。結果顯示：圈養於台灣南部（22.5。N）之成年雄羌之茸角期為5月中旬至9月中旬，硬角期為10月至隔年5月。硬角期期間之成羌（> 2y），經由電激採精法所得之精液量，精子活力等級與精子濃度均顯著較以假陰道法所得者佳（分別為：350 vs. 170 μl；5 vs. 2 score 和252.39 vs. 90.24 × sperm 107/ml, P < 0.05）（研究一）。全年均可經由電激採精法收集到精液樣本，於硬角期之成羌之配種相關體尺及精液性狀較茸角期者有較高之趨勢，而硬角期之睪丸體積則顯著較茸角期者為高（分別為：29.76 ± 4.25 vs. 25.40 ± 2.97 cm3, P < 0.05），且其血液中睪固酮濃度維持在3.73 ± 2.90 ng/ml。冬季之陰囊圓周長、睪丸體積及血液中睪固酮濃度為全年之最高值；夏季為顯著最低值（分別為：10.74 ± 0.62 vs. 9.89 ± 0.46 cm, 31.62 ± 3.56 vs. 25.95 ± 2.51 cm3 和4.55 ± 4.02 vs. 1.92 ± 2.16 ng/ml, P < 0.05）；其他配種相關體尺及精液性狀等數值均亦以冬季為最高值。其體重、頸圍、睪丸體積及血液中睪固酮濃度之全年性變化均互有顯著正相關性（P < 0.05）（研究二）。亞成羌（≦2y）於第7～8月齡，首次見茸角座發育，其平均血液中睪固酮濃度為3.96 ± 2.94 ng/ml，於10～11月齡為其長茸時期，即可收集到含精子之精液樣本，不論角週期別之硬角期或茸角期，成羌之精液量、精子活力等即予精子濃度等精液性狀測量值均呈現較亞成羌佳之趨勢（分別為：精液量305, 216 vs. 273, 239 μl和精子濃度235.4, 259.8 vs. 217.0, 200.2 sperm ×107/ml, P > 0.05），而體重、頸圍及睪丸體積等配種相關體尺測量值亦均以成羌者顯著為高（研究三）。綜合本論文之各項研究結果所得，已首次證實台灣山羌證實具有全年性產精能力之生殖生理特性，自發身後之血液中睪固酮濃度全年均維持在1～6ng/ml之間。經由電激採精法所得之精液品質較以假陰道法所得者為佳。台灣山羌自10～11月齡首次茸發育時期即具備產精能力，並以硬角期或冬季之精液性狀為較佳。而成年雄羌之精液性狀及主要配種體尺等各項測量值均較亞成年者為佳。

In the cervids in the temperate zone, changes of the reproductive activity are mainly controlled by the photoperiodism. It is very little documents concerning the breeding biology of tropical-subtropical cervids. For example, there is quite a few information for the reproductive activity of the muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi). The Formosan Reeves’ muntjac (Muntiacus reevesi micrurus) bucks farmed in southern Taiwan (22.5。N, 120.5。E) were allotted to investigate the effect of semen collection methods on the semen quality (Study 1), annual changes of semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentration (Study 2). Effects of sex maturity on the gross morphometry related to breeding characteristics, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentration (Study 3). Results showed that the adult bucks (>2y) were in hard antler stage (HAS) from the 3rd triplet in October to the 1st triplet in May in next year and in velvet antler stage (VAS) from the 2nd triplet in May to the 2nd triplet in September. The values of semen volume, sperm motility score and sperm concentration collected by EE were significant better than it collected by artificial vagina (350 vs. 170 μl; 5 vs. 2 score and 252.39 vs. 90.24 × sperm 107/ml, respectively; P < 0.05) (Study 1). Annual Changes of the testosterone concentration were ranged in 3.73 ± 2.90 ng/ml, and the semen containing sperm could be collected by electro-ejaculation (EE) throughout the year. The testicular volume (TV) in HAS was significantly higher than that in VAS (29.76 ± 4.25 vs. 25.40 ± 2.97 cm3, P < 0.05). The scrotal circumference, TV and serum testosterone concentration were significantly higher in winter, but it were reversed in summer (respectively, 10.74 ± 0.62 vs. 9.89 ± 0.46 cm, 31.62 ± 3.56 vs. 25.95 ± 2.51 cm3 and 4.55 ± 4.02 vs. 1.92 ± 2.16 ng/ml, P < 0.05). The value of gross morphometry related to breeding characteristics and semen characteristics during the HAS were better than that in VAS. Furthermore, the other gross morphometry related to breeding characteristics and semen characteristics were also highest during winter. Changes of body weight, neck girth, TV and serum testosterone were positively and significantly correlated to each other (P < 0.05) (Study 2). Pedicle growth was appeared at age of 7-8 months in the juvenile muntjacs (≦2y). Semen containing sperm could be first collected by EE at the age of 10-11 months when the velvet initiated, and then the testosterone concentration was maintained in 3.96 ± 2.94 ng/ml throughout the year. The semen characteristics of the adults, both in VAS and HAS were better than it in the juveniles (semen: 305, 216 vs. 273, 239 μl and sperm concentration: 235.4, 259.8 vs. 217.0, 200.2 sperm ×107/ml, respectively; P > 0.05). The gross morphometries related to breeding characteristics were also high in the adults (Study 3). In conclusion, the semen collected by electro-ejaculation method exhibit better quality than by artificial vagina method in hard antler stage. The year-round sperm production ability in the Formosan Reeves’ muntjac was first proved by the direct observations of the live animals in the studies. The muntjac bucks developed their first velvet at the age of 10-11 months, and the capability of sperm production at the same time, when they maintained the serum testosterone concentration both in HAS and VAS in the range of 1 ~ 6 ng/ml throughout a year.

中文摘要 I
Abstract III
誌謝 V
目錄 VI
圖表目錄 IX
第壹章 前言 1
第貳章 文獻探討 3
一、台灣山羌之起源與分類 3
二、山羌研究之概況 4
三、鹿科動物雄性生殖性狀之季節性 6
（一）雄鹿第二性徵之季節性變化 7
1. 鹿角週期 7
2. 換毛週期 10
3. 睪丸體積之季節性變化 11
（二）雄鹿生殖功能之季節性變化 12
1. 雄鹿激性腺素之季節性變化 12
2. 血液中雄性素類內泌素之季節性變化 12
3. 睪丸及輔性腺組織學之季節性變化 15
(三) 精液性狀之季節性變化 17
1. 精液量之變化 17
2. 精子數之變化 17
3. 精子活力之變化 18
4. 精子型態學之變化 19
四、鹿隻精液收集方法 19
（一）假陰道法 19
（二）按摩法（手壓法） 20
（三）電激採精法 20
五、精液檢查 21
（一）精液量 22
（二）精液外觀顏色 22
（三）精子活力 22
（四）精子濃度 23
1. 紅血球計數器 23
2. 比色法 23
3. 自動紅血球計數器 23
（五）精子型態學檢查 23
（六）精子頭帽完整性之評估 23
（七）精子存活率 24
（八）精子穿透力 25
（九）精子DNA完整性 25
第參章 試驗研究 27
一、採精方法對台灣山羌精液性狀之影響 27
（一）摘要 27
（二）前言 28
（三）材料與方法 28
1. 試驗動物與飼養管理 28
2. 試驗分組與資料收集 29
3. 精液性狀之評估 30
4. 統計分析 31
（四）結果與討論 32
（五）結論 35
二、台灣山羌睪丸活動性之全年性變化 36
（一）摘要 36
（二）前言 37
（三）材料與方法 37
1. 試驗動物與飼養管理 37
2. 資料收集 38
3. 精液採集方法 39
4. 樣本分析 39
5. 統計分析 40
（四）結果與討論 41
1. 台灣山羌茸-角週期及血液中睪固酮濃度之全年性變化 41
2. 台灣山羌配種相關體尺之全年性變化 44
3. 台灣山羌精液性狀之全年性變化 48
（五）結論 49
三、性成熟度對台灣山羌配種主要相關體尺、血液中睪固酮濃度及精液性狀之影響 56
（一）摘要 56
（二）前言 57
（三）材料與方法 57
1. 動物試驗分組與飼養管理 57
2. 資料收集與分析 57
3. 統計分析 58
（四）結果與討論 59
1. 性成熟度對台灣山羌茸角週期及配種相關主要體尺之影響 59
2. 性成熟度對台灣山羌精液性狀與血液中睪固酮濃度之影響 61
（五）結論 62
第肆章 總結論 65
參考文獻 66
作者簡介 79

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