臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘 要

本研究旨在探討飼養管理因子對蛋雞產蛋性能之影響，並比較分析具代表性的商用蛋雞於開放式高床雞舍及密閉式水簾雞舍飼養時之產蛋表現。
開放式高床雞舍飼養之四種蛋雞品種(海蘭W-36白殼、龍門白殼、海蘭棕殼、龍門棕殼)之初產週齡，以海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞之19週齡為最早，其他三品種蛋雞的初產週齡約在21至22週間，兩種海蘭品種蛋雞有較長的產蛋高峰期，且在產蛋高峰期也有較高的平均產蛋率。從初產至產蛋51週止，平均產蛋率分別為海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞76.78%、龍門白殼蛋雞66.83%、海蘭棕殼蛋雞74.40%、龍門棕殼蛋雞70.30%。產蛋期間各品種平均日死亡率分別為海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞0.03%、龍門白殼蛋雞0.04%、海蘭棕殼蛋雞0.09%、龍門棕殼蛋雞0.08%，白殼蛋雞死亡率明顯低於棕殼蛋雞。在產蛋高峰期，海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞的飼料換蛋率為2.12，明顯優於其他雞種之飼料換蛋率。研究發現雞齡及雞種對蛋場整體的劣殼蛋比率有顯著影響，退羽雞及產大蛋雞種佔有率增加皆會增加劣殼蛋比率，而雞舍環境溫度對劣殼蛋比率影響則較不明顯，可能與高床雞舍設有自動灑水控溫裝置有關。
密閉式水簾雞舍飼養之二種蛋雞(海蘭W-36白殼與龍門-Classic白殼)的初產週齡皆在19週齡，兩者並於23週齡時進入產蛋高峰期，而龍門蛋雞有較高的產蛋高峰及較長的產蛋高峰期。從初產至產31週止，海蘭蛋雞與龍門蛋雞平均產蛋率分別為84.65與88.46%，後者存活率明顯高於前者，而育種場不同及剪嘴與否是造成差異的原因。海蘭蛋雞換羽前後飼料換蛋率分別為1.92及2.08，顯示換羽前有較佳的飼料利用效率。分析飼養環境因子與產蛋率、死亡率間的關係，發現太高的溫度、風扇級數、相對溼度及CO2濃度皆會影響蛋雞產蛋率，而飼養環境因子對蛋雞死亡率之影響則不顯著。雞隻體重對產蛋率及蛋重的影響顯著，產蛋期雞隻體重若低於標準體重，將導致產蛋率下降，但過重對產蛋率亦無助益，蛋重隨雞隻體重增減而增減，兩者間呈現很強正相關性。
比較開放式高床雞舍與密閉式水簾雞舍對蛋雞產蛋性能的影響，不論是產蛋率、存活率或飼料利用率，密閉式水簾雞舍的蛋雞都有較佳的表現，其產蛋率與存活率甚至高於飼養手冊之參考值，顯示密閉式水簾雞舍的環境控制有助於降低蛋雞死亡率與提高產蛋率及飼料利用率，若僅考慮生產雞蛋的直接成本，密閉式水簾雞舍有較佳之經濟優勢。

關鍵詞：蛋雞、產蛋性能、品系、飼養因子、高床雞舍、水簾雞舍。

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of farm management factors on the egg production efficiency. The efficiency difference in layer performance between open-type high cot laying house and enclose-type wet pad laying house was also compared in this study.
The performance of high cot laying house was studied first. Among four breeds of layer (Hy-Line W-36, Lohmann white, Hy-Line brown and Lohmann brown), Hy-Line W-36 layer had the earliest age at first egg (AFE) at 19 wks. Another three layer’s AFE were about at 21 to 22 wks. Two breeds of Hy-Line layer maintained longer duration of egg production peak, and also had higher egg production during the peak period. The egg production from AFE to 51 wks of Hy-Line W-36, Lohmann white, Hy-Line brown and Lohmann brown layer was 76.78, 66.83, 74.40 and 70.30%, respectively. The average Daily mortality of Hy-Line W-36, Lohmann white, Hy-Line brown and Lohmann brown layer was 0.03, 0.04, 0.09 and 0.08%, respectively. The mortalities of white layers were significantly lower than those of brown layers. The feed conversion of Hy-Line W-36 layer was 2.12, which was better than others. It was found that age and breed had significant influences on the inferior shell egg. When the ratio of post-molted layer and large egg-shaped layer increased, the ratio of inferior shell egg would increase. However, the effect of laying house temperature on inferior shell egg rate was not significant because the laying house had been installed sprinkling water system to control temperature.
Two breeds including Hy-Line W-36 layer and Lohmann LSL-Classic layer were raised in an enclose-type wet pad laying house. Both layers had a similar AFE at 19 wks. These two breeds also reached the peak of egg production at 23 wks. Lohmann layer had a higher egg production and kept longer duration of egg production peak. The average egg production from AFE to 31 wks of Hy-Line W-36 and Lohmann layer were 84.65 and 88.46%, respectively. The survival rate of the later was also significantly higher than that of the former. Differences in layer breed and beak trimming might cause the difference in egg production. The feed conversion of pre- and post-molted Hy-Line w-36 layer were 1.92 and 2.08, respectively. The result showed pre-molted layer had a better feed conversion than post-molted one. The effects of farm environment factors on egg production and the mortality were investigated. Result showed that high temperature, fan power, relative humidity and CO2 concentration would influence egg production. However, the influence of farm environment on the mortality was not significant. The body weight of the layer significantly influenced egg production and egg weight. The egg production became lower as body weight under standard; however, it did not become higher as body weight above standard. Egg weight increased with increasing body weight. Egg weight correlated well with body weight.
The difference in the performance of egg production between high cot laying house and wet pad laying house was compared. The layer of wet pad laying house had better egg production, survival rate and feed conversion. The egg production and survival rate of layers in this house were even higher than the reference value of commercial management guide. Results showed the environment control of wet pad laying house could reduce the mortality of layer and raise the egg production and feed conversion. With the consideration of direct cost of egg production, wet pad laying house had better economic benefit.

Keywords: layer, egg production efficiency, layer breed, feeding factor, high cot laying house, wet pad laying house.

目 錄

謝辭…………………………………………………………………….ⅰ
中文摘要……………………………………………………………….ⅱ
英文摘要………………………………………………………...…..ⅳ
目錄…………………………………………………………...……..ⅵ
表目錄……………….…………………………………………..…..ⅸ
圖目錄…………………………………………………………….....ⅹ
壹、前言………………………………………………………………….1
貳、文獻整理……………………………………………………………4
一、台灣蛋雞場之營運概況…………………………………………4
(一)蛋雞產業之發展與沿革………………………………………4
二、自動化蛋雞場之現況……………………………………………7
(一)雞舍型態………………………………………………………7
(二)雞蛋洗選………………………………………………………8
(三)自動化之範圍……………………………………………...….8
三、雞蛋生產之結構………………………………………………..12
(一)生產數量與價值…………………………………………..…12
(二)生產規模……………………………………………………..13
(三)生產地區的分佈……………………………………………..16
(四)雞蛋洗選分級制度及CAS優良蛋品……………………….16
四、台灣現有之蛋雞品種…………………………………….…….17五、蛋雞之產蛋性能之度量………………………………………..19
(一)隻舍產蛋率………………………………………………..…19
(二)隻日產蛋率…………………………………………………..19
(三)隻存活產蛋率………………………………………………..20
六、影響蛋雞產蛋性能的因素……………………………….……..20
(一)品種………………………………………………………..…21
(二)初產日齡與年齡……………………………………………..22
(三)環境溫度……………………………………………………..24
(四)籠飼空間……………………………………………………..29
(五)飼料及餵飼方式……………………………………………..30
(六)光照…………………………………………………………..33
(七)相對溼度及不良有害氣體…………………………………..34
(八)飲水…………………………………………………………..36
(九)剪嘴…………………………………………………………..37
(十)體重…………………………………………………………..37
(十一)其他因子…………………………………………………..38
參、資料來源及研究方法………………………………………….....39
一、資料來源…………………………………………………….....39
(一)開放式高床雞舍飼養資料…………………………………..39
(二)密閉式水簾雞舍飼養資料……..............................................41
二、研究方法……………………………………………………..….42
肆、結果與討論………………………………………………………...43
二、開放式高床飼養………………………………………………..43
(一)產蛋表現……………………………………………………..43
1.海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞………………………………………..43
2.龍門白殼蛋雞……………………………………………....43
3.海蘭棕殼蛋雞………………………………………………44
4.龍門棕殼蛋雞………………………………………………44
5.各品種蛋雞之比較…………………………………………45
(二)雞隻死亡率…………………………………………………..46
(三)飼料換蛋率…………………………………………..………47
(四)管理因子與蛋殼品質………………………………………..48
二、密閉式水簾飼養……………………………………………….50
(一)產蛋表現……………………………………………………..50
1.海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞………………………………………..50
2.龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞……….…………………………..…51
3.各品種蛋雞之比較…………………………………………52
(二)雞隻死亡率…………………………………………………..53
1.海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞………………………………………..53
2.龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞………..………………………….....54
(三)飼料轉換率…………………………………………………..54
(四)飼養環境管理與產蛋表現…………………………………..55
(五)飼養環境管理與存活率………………………………...…...59
(六)雞隻體重與蛋重……………………………………………..60
1.海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞………………………………………..60
2.龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞………………….………………….62
三、不同雞舍環境飼養之比較……………………………………..62
1.海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞………………………………………..62
2.龍門白殼蛋雞…………………………………………...….63
3.雞蛋生產成本…………………………………………...….64
四、開放式高床雞舍與密閉式水簾雞舍之憂缺點………………..65
伍、結論………………………………………………………………...66
陸、參考文獻…………………………………………………………...69
柒、表……………………………………………………………….…..84
捌、圖………………………………………………………………….102

表目錄
表一、蛋雞場分佈情形………………………………..…………...…84
表二、2004年雞蛋生產數量調查統計………....………………….…85
表三、2004年台灣各縣蛋雞生產規模別飼養戶明細…………….….86
表四、雞蛋分類包裝級別…………………………………….…..86
表五、2003年度進口及國內繁殖蛋種雞統計…………………….….87
表六、2005年度進口及國內繁殖蛋種雞統計…………………….….87
表七、高床雞舍雞場產蛋紀錄表………………………………….….88
表八、洗選廠生產紀錄表……………………………………………..89
表九、每日雞舍工作確認表…………………………………………..90
表十、 產能紀錄表…………………………………………………….91
表十一、包裝廠生產紀錄表………………………………………..….92
表十二、不同品種蛋雞之產蛋率………………………………….......93
表十三、不同品種蛋雞之死亡率………………………………...…....93
表十四、50週齡時不同品種蛋雞之蛋重與飼料轉換率………….….94
表十五、不同品種蛋雞在高床雞舍之表現…………………………...94
表十六、裂蛋率影響動因分析變數之Pearson積差相關分析表…....95
表十七、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際與參考標準之平均產蛋率……....95
表十八、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞實際與參考標準之平均產蛋率…....96
表十九、水簾雞舍不同雞種之產蛋率…………………………….….96
表二十、蛋雞換羽前中後之每日平均死亡雞隻數………………….96
表二十一、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞換羽前後之飼料轉換率…………….97
表二十二、產蛋率影響因子分析變數之Pearson積差相關分析表….97
表二十三、產蛋率與影響因子之複迴歸分析結果……………..…….98
表二十四、死亡雞數影響因子分析變數之Pearson積差相關分析表.98
表二十五、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際與參考標準之平均體重與蛋重.99
表二十六、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍蛋雞產蛋率…………….99
表二十七、龍門白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍蛋雞產蛋率………………….100
表二十八、開放式高床雞舍與密閉式水簾雞舍之比較……….……101

圖目錄

圖一、雞蛋收穫與處理自動化之作業流程………..…………….....102
圖二、研究流程………..………………………………………….…103
圖三、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋曲線…….……………104
圖四、 龍門白殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋曲線…………………...…....105
圖五、海蘭棕殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋曲線………………...………106
圖六、龍門棕殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋曲線……………………...…107
圖七、不同品種蛋雞之產蛋率…………………………………..….108
圖八、不同品種蛋雞之累積死亡率……………………………...…109
圖九、各品種蛋雞於各月份之死亡率……………………………...110
圖十、開放式雞舍舍內溫度變化…………………………………...111
圖十一、退羽雞佔有率與劣殼蛋比率之統計圖…………………...112
圖十二、退羽雞佔有率與劣殼蛋比率之迴歸分析圖…………….…113
圖十三、產大蛋雞佔有率與劣殼蛋比率之統計圖……………….....114
圖十四、產大蛋雞佔有率與劣殼蛋比率之迴歸分析圖…………….115
圖十五、平均溫度與劣殼蛋比率之迴歸分析圖………………….....116
圖十六、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋曲線………………..117
圖十七、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞實際與參考產蛋率曲線……………118
圖十八、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞體重與產蛋率曲線…………………119
圖十九、水簾雞舍海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞之死亡曲線………………..120
圖二十、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞死亡雞數與風扇級數之曲線………...121
圖二十一、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞死亡雞隻數曲線…………………122
圖二十二、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞實際與參考標準存活率…………123
圖二十三、換羽前室內平均溫度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖………….124
圖二十四、換羽後室內平均溫度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖……….....125
圖二十五、換羽前風扇級數與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖……………….126
圖二十六、換羽後風扇級數與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖…………...…..127
圖二十七、換羽前相對溼度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖…………….....128圖二十八、換羽後相對溼度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖……………….129圖二十九、換羽前CO2濃度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖………….……130
圖三十、換羽後CO2濃度與產蛋率之迴歸分析圖……………….…131
圖三十一、換羽前室內平均溫與飼料換蛋率之迴歸分析圖……….132
圖三十二、換羽後室內平均溫與飼料換蛋率之迴歸分析圖……….133
圖三十三、換羽前室內平均溫與死亡隻數之迴歸分析圖………….134
圖三十四、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際體重與參考體重曲線…...……135
圖三十五、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞實際蛋重與參考蛋重曲線…..……136
圖三十六、換羽前體重與蛋重之迴歸圖…………………………….137
圖三十七、換羽後體重與蛋重之迴歸圖…………………………….138
圖三十八、龍門- Classic白殼蛋雞實際體重與參考體重曲線……...139
圖三十九、龍門-Classic白殼蛋雞體重與蛋重之迴歸圖…………...140
圖四十、龍門- Classic白殼蛋雞雞隻實際體重與蛋重曲線………..141
圖四十一、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍蛋雞產蛋曲線………..142
圖四十二、海蘭W-36白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍死亡率之曲線………..143
圖四十三、龍門白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍蛋雞產蛋曲線……………….144
圖四十四、龍門白殼蛋雞於不同雞舍死亡率之曲線……………….145

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