臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究旨在探討中文否定詞從先秦到清朝的發展及取代之過程。 研究著重於探討現代漢語中否定詞 - 不、沒、別的原型及重整這些否定詞的發展取代之過程。 語料來源主要來自中央漢籍語料庫中的八部中國古典文學: 先秦的莊子、漢代的史記列傳、魏晉南北朝的世說新語、唐代的敦煌變文、宋代的朱子語類、元代的關漢卿、明代的水滸傳和清代的紅樓夢。語意的數量特徵是本研究的主要理論架構。
結果顯示, 語意的數量特徵及各否定詞的使用頻率可以建構一個清楚的各否定詞的發展取代過程。 在發展取代的過程中, 否定詞“不”的句法功能是最為穩固, 其數量特徵為連續性。 否定詞“沒”的數量特徵為離散性, 且在清代時已有逐漸取代動詞否定標記“沒”和名詞否定標記“無”的傾向。 而表禁止及祈使的否定標記“別”也在清代取代了“莫”與“休”, 成為最典型的禁止及祈使的否定標記。

The aim of my study was to discover the development and replacement of Chinese negative markers from Pre-Qin to Qing Dynasties. The study focused on to find out the prototypes of 不 bu, 沒mei, and 別 bei in Modern Chinese and to organize the process of the replacement on each of them from Pre-Qin to Qing Dynasties . The data source was mainly based on Sinica Corpus and there were approximately 200 counts adopted from each Chinese classical literature, such as 莊子 Zhuangzi in Pre-Qin Dynasties, 史記-列傳 Shiji- Liechuan in Han Dynasty, 世說新語 Shishuoxinyu in Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei Dynasties, 敦煌變文 Dunhuan Bianwen in Tang Dynasty, 朱子語類 Zhuzi Yulei in Song Dynasty, 關漢卿Guanhanqing in Yuan Dynasty, 水滸傳 Shuihuzhuan in Ming Dynasty, and 紅樓夢 Hongloumeng in Qing Dynasty. The theory applied in this study was semantic different quantity with features of discreteness and continuousness.
Results indicate the semantic different quantity and the usage frequency could help us to set up the clear process of the replacement on these negators. 不 Bu is a continuous negative marker and it is the most stable negative marker during the process of the replacement. 沒 Mei is a discrete negative marker and it is tend to replace 無wu and 未 wei in Qing Dynasty. And, 別 Bie is an imperative /prohibitive negative marker and it replaced 莫mo and 休 xiu in Qing Dynasty.

Table of Contents

Chinese Abstract.........................................................i
English Abstract........................................................ii
Acknowledgements........................................................iv
List of Tables and Figures...............................................v

CHAPTER І Introduction..................................................1
1.1 Motivation............................................................1
1.2 Theoretical Background................................................2
1.3 Sources...............................................................4
1.4 Organization in this Paper............................................4

CHAPTER Ⅱ Literature Review..............................................6
2.1 Djamoris R. (1991)....................................................6
2.2 Chang (1995) and Yang (1999)..........................................7
2.2.1 Chang (1995)........................................................7
2.2.2 Yang (1999)........................................................11
2.3 Shi and Li (2000)....................................................14
2.4 Tang (1994)..........................................................16
2.5 Ding (1999)..........................................................17
2.6 Summary..............................................................17
2.7 Study Objectives.....................................................18

CHAPTERⅢ Classification and Organization of Chinese Negators:
Categories of 不 bu and 未 wei..................................20
3.1 The Classification of 不bu and 未wei Categories under Semantic
Feature...............................................................21
3.1.1 The Description of Chinese Negators : 不bu and 未 wei Categoties....21
3.1.1.1 The Negator 不 bu.................................................22
3.1.1.1.1 The Different Claims from Ding (1933-35) and Huang (1958) on 不bu
and 弗fu........................................................22
3.1.1.1.2 An Investigation on the Diachronic Development of 不bu..........23
3.1.1.2 The Negator未wei..................................................25
3.1.1.2.1 未Wei in Pre-Qin Dynasties......................................25
3.1.1.2.2 未Wei in Han Dynasty and Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei Dynasties..............26
3.1.1.2.3 未Wei from Tang Dynasty to Qing Dynasty.........................27
3.1.1.3 The Negator 無wu..................................................30
3.1.1.3.1 無Wu in Pre-Qin Dynasties.......................................31
3.1.1.3.2 無Wu in Han Dynasty.............................................32
3.1.1.3.3 無Wu in Wei-Jin-Nan-Bei Dynasties...............................33
3.1.1.3.4 無Wu in Tang Dynasty............................................34
3.1.1.3.5 無Wu in Tang Dynasty............................................36
3.1.1.3.6 無Wu in Yuan Dynasty............................................37
3.1.1.3.7 無Wu in Ming and Qing Dynasty...................................38
3.1.1.3.8 Summary on 無Wu.................................................40
3.1.1.4 The Negator沒mei..................................................41
3.1.1.4.1 沒Mei in Tang Dyansty...........................................41
3.1.1.4.2 沒Mei in Song Dyansty...........................................42
3.1.1.4.3 沒Mei in Yuan Dynasty...........................................43
3.1.1.4.4 沒Mei in Ming and Qing Dynasty..................................45
3.1.1.4.5 Summary.........................................................48
3.1.2 The Analysis on Chinese Negators under Semantic Quantity Feature……50
3.1.2.1 不Bu under the Semantic Quantity..................................51
3.1.2.2 未Wei under the Semantic Quantity.................................52
3.1.2.3 無Wu under the Semantic Quantity..................................53
3.1.2.4 沒Mei under the Semantic Quantity.................................54
3.1.2.5 Summary...........................................................55
3.2 The Competition on Negators 未wei, 無wu, and 沒mei....................55
3.2.1 The Similarity Between 未wei, 無wu, and 沒mei.......................56
3.2.2 The Difference Between未mei, 無wu, and 沒mei........................58
3.2.2.1 未Wei vs. 無Wu....................................................58
3.2.2.2 無Wu vs. 沒Mei....................................................59
3.2.2.3 未Wei vs. 沒 Mei..................................................61
3.2.2.4 Summary: The Process of the Replacement on Categories of 不bu and 未
wei...............................................................62

CHAPTER Ⅳ Organization of Chinese Imperative/Prohibitive Negative Markers:
Category of 莫mo..............................................64
4.1 Previous Studies on the Chinese Imperative/Prohibitive Negative
System................................................................64
4.1.1 Lü (1990) and Yang (1999) on毋wu and勿wu............................65
4.1.2 Yang(1999) on莫mo, 休xiu, and別bie..................................66
4.1.3 Wu (1995)...........................................................68
4.1.4 Summary.............................................................69
4.2 The Reconstruction on Chinese Imperative/Prohibitive Negative
System................................................................69
4.2.1 Han Dynasty.........................................................70
4.2.2 Tang and Song Dynasties.............................................71
4.2.3 Yuan to Qing Dynasties..............................................73
4.2.4 The Imperative/Prohibitive Negative Markers不要bu-yao, and
不用bu-yong.........................................................75
4.2.4.1 不要bu-yao, and不用bu-yong in Mandarin Chinese Language...........75
4.2.4.2 Song Dynasty......................................................77
4.2.4.3 Yuan and Ming Dynasties...........................................78
4.2.4.4 Qing Dynasty......................................................79
4.2.4.5 不要bu-yao, and不用bu-yong under the Semantic Quantity
Feature..........................................................80
4.2.4.6 The Imperative/Prohibitive Negative Markers in Mandarin Chinese...83
4.3 Summary...............................................................85

CHAPTER Ⅳ Conclusion.....................................................87
5.1 Findings: The Development/Replacement of Categories of 不bu , 未wei, and
莫 mo from Pre-Qin to Qing Dynasties..................................87
5.1.1 The Development/Replacement on category 不bu........................87
5.1.2 The Development/Replacement on category 未wei.......................88
5.1.3 The Development/Replacement on category 莫mo........................88
5.1.4 Summary.............................................................89
5.2 Conclusion............................................................90
5.3 Limitations...........................................................93
5.4 The Further Study.....................................................93
References...............................................................94

References

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