臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

中文摘要

本文主要探討茶葉多元酚中的主要成份-兒茶素的生理活性，尤其是抗氧化、抗菌與抗腫瘤活性。
兒茶素清除氫氧化自由基的能力依序為epicatechin gallate（ECG）＞epigallocatechin gallate（EGCG）＞epicatechin（EC）＞gallic acid（GA）＞gallocatechin（GC）＞epigallocatechin（EGC），均大於＞Vit. C。其中ECG及EGCG清除超過氧化物及過氧化氫能力比維生素C及E強8.32倍。兒茶素可有效抑制低密度脂蛋白（LDL）的氧化，進而降低發生動脈硬化的機率。
EGCG抗菌活性大於EC，二者均對G（＋）細菌抗菌活性大於G（－）細菌，EGCG對金黃色葡萄球菌與大腸桿菌之最低抑制濃度（MIC）分別為73與573 �慊/ml。EC對金黃色葡萄球菌與大腸桿菌之MIC為183及＞1145 �慊/ml。藉由微脂粒的作用模式得知EGCG與EC對菌體作用機制乃破壞菌體細胞膜，導致內容物外漏而致菌體死亡，膜上負電荷明顯降低二者的作用活性。
兒茶素抗腫瘤效應，不管是體外或體内試驗的證據，都顯示在癌症發展的數個階段中均具有正面效應，包括癌症初始期、促成期及蔓延期、到腫瘤的轉移等。依照目前各種研究結果顯示，兒茶素可以抑制癌細胞的生長，促使癌細胞程式化死亡（aptosis），抑制腫瘤促進劑（tumor promoter）、賀爾蒙、cytokine及生長因子等的作用。兒茶素抑制癌細胞生長的主要藉由細胞循環調節（cell cycle regulation），EGCG可以提高細胞以G2-M相存在的比例，實驗結果顯示50 �嵱及100 �嵱的EGCG可以將細胞以G2-M相存在的比例，由13.8﹪分別提高到15.6﹪及24.1﹪，這種效應發現與EGCG的濃度相關。有關兒茶素抗癌及抗腫瘤效應之動物試驗的研究報告依照癌症的種類有（一）以N-nitrosodiethylamine（NDEA）注射雌性A/J鼠誘發腫瘤。（二）以N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine（NMBzA）誘發Wistar大鼠食道腫瘤。（三）以7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene（DMBA）處理SENCAR老鼠，再以TPA局部處理以誘發腫瘤。（四）以N-ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitroguanidine及azoxymethane（AOM）誘發腸癌。

Abstract

This study mainly reviews the antioxidative, antimicrobial and anticancer activities of the catechins, the dominant polyphenol components in tea. The scanvanging activity for hydroxy radical ranks in order as epicatechin gallate (ECG) ＞epigallocatechin gallate(EGCG)＞epicatechin（EC）＞gallic acid（GA）＞gallocatechin（GC）＞epigallocatechin（EGC）, all of which are greater than that of Vit C. The scanvanging activity of ECG and EGCT for superoxide and hydrogen peroxide is greater than that of Vit C and Vit E by 8.32 times. Catechins can inhibit the oxidation of the low density lipoproteins and accordingly, decrease the risk for arteriosclerosis.
The antibacterial activity of EGCG is greater than that of EC. Both EGCG and EC have stronger effect on G（＋）bacteria than G（－）bacteria. The minimal inhibition concentration（MIC）of EGCG for S. aureus.and E.coli are 73 and 573 �慊/ml, respectively, while the MIC for EC are 183 and ＞1145 �慊/ml, respectively. The data from the action on liposome demonstrate that both EGCG and EC can damage the cell membrane and result in the leakage of the cell. The presence of the negative residues in membrane deaease the actions of EGCG and EC on the membrane.
Catechins can inhibit the propogation of cancer cell by inducing the aptosis of cell and inhibiting the functions of tumor promoters, hormones, cytokines and growth factors. In the presence of 50 �慆 and 100 �慆 of EGCG the ratio for cells in G2-M phase was increased from 13.8﹪to 15.6﹪and 24.1﹪, respectively. The animal models used for the anticancer / antitumor study of catechins include: （1）N-nitrosodiethylamine injection to in A/J mice induce cancer production;（2）N-nitrosomethylbenzylamine induced the cancer of esophagus of Wistar rats;（3）treatments by 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene and 12-0-tetrade canoylphorbol-13-acetete to induce skin cancer in SENCAR rats; （4）induction of colon cancer in rats by N-ethyl-N’-nitro-N-nitroguanidine and azoxymethane.

目錄

中文摘要 ……………………………………………………………1
英文摘要 ……………………………………………………………3
一、 前言……………………………………………………………5
二、 茶的分類名稱、製造及保健…………………………………8
（一） 茶的分類名稱 …………………………………………8
（二） 茶葉製造及保健………………………………………10
三、 茶多元酚的分類……………………………………………..17
四、 兒茶素之機能性簡介………………………………………..19
五、 兒茶素之抗氧化作用………………………………………..21
（一）活性氧分子與自由基之清除者…………………………..21
（二）減少低密度脂蛋白（LDL）之氧化作用………………...22
六、 兒茶素之抗菌特性…….....…………………………………..25
（一）茶葉/兒茶素對微生物的作用機制………………………..25
（二）兒茶素的抗菌活性………………………………………..29
七、 兒茶素之抗腫瘤效應………………………………………..38
（一）流行病學研究……………………………………………..38
（二）實驗研究……….………………………………………….42
八、 結論…….……………………………………………………..53
九、 參考文獻……………………………………………………..83
圖目錄

圖1 全發酵茶製程圖………………………………………………55
圖2 不發酵茶製程圖………………………………………………56
圖3 半發酵茶製程圖………………………………………………57
圖4 兒茶素類多元酚的化學結構…………………………………58

表目錄

表1 以醱酵程度分類之成茶名稱…………………………………59
表2 以醱酵百分比的程度分類成茶名稱…………………………60
表3 以焙火程度分類之茶的名稱…………………………………61
表4 春茶、夏茶、秋茶、冬茶等季節名稱………………………62
表5 茶葉中保健成分及其功效簡表………………………………63
表6 兒茶素類機能性一覽表………………………………………64
表7 茶中抗氧化物對於自由基的清除效率………………………65
表8 體外實驗（in vitro）中，茶中抗氧化成份對於預防LDL
氧化反應的效果 ………………………………………………66
表9 兒茶素EC與EGCG導致CF從PC脂質體釋出的程度………67
表10 脂質成份影響兒茶素破壞脂質體釋出的CF的作用 ……68
表11 兒茶素EGCG存在的脂質體懸浮液測得NPN之相對螢光
強度…………………………………………………………69
表12不同濃度EGCG對脂質體的破壞作用………………………70
表13 EGCG對帶不同電荷之PC脂質體之破壞情形 ……………71
表14(A) 兒茶素對金黃色葡萄球菌的破壞作用…………………72
表14(B) 兒茶素對大腸桿菌的破壞作用…………………………72
表15 EGCG及EC對金黃色葡萄球菌及大腸桿菌的抗菌活性……73


表16 日本綠茶萃取液的抗菌作用 ………………………………74
表17 日本綠茶萃取液的滅菌作用 ………………………………75
表18 三種茶葉萃取液在不同濃度下對mycoplasma的作用……76
表19 紅茶與漱口水減少菌斑形成的效果 ………………………77
表20 不同濃度綠茶茶湯對NDEA（N-nitrosodiethylamine）
誘發雌性A/J鼠腫瘤之發生率與腫瘤數目之效應………78
表21 去咖啡因綠茶及紅茶茶湯對NNK誘發雌性A/J鼠
腫瘤之發生率與腫瘤數目之效應…………………………79
表22 綠茶兒茶素抑制AOM誘發腫瘤之效應……………………80
表23 EGCG抑制uPA的活性………………………………………81
表24 EGCG、EGC、ECG、EC及咖啡因對PC-9細胞吸收
[3H]EGCG之影響……………………………………………82

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