臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要
在過去，公共演說的語篇分析普遍著重在語音特色，選詞用字，語法及修辭
格的使用上。然而，從系統功能語言學的人際元功能方面來探討演說語篇的研究
並不多。因此，本研究旨在從人稱系統的使用、語氣類型、情態、及人際隱喻等
向度來探討歐巴馬的三篇演說，依序為宣佈角逐美國總統的黨內提名演說，代表
民主黨競選美國總統的勝利演說，及美國總統就職演說。指導此研究的理論架構
及分析技巧是系統功能語言學。系統功能語言學是一門專長於描述探討語言及語
言使用情境即社會語境之間的關係的語言學理論。分析的結果則以描述統計學呈
現出。
五項主要分析結果如下。首先在人稱系統方面，以第一及第三人稱較常出現
於語篇之中。第二，敘述句及祈使句是主要的句型。第三，高值的情態及意態助
動詞較常使用。但是，義務和意願的意態助動詞的使用則少於概率和頻率的情態
助動詞的使用。第四，明確主觀取向的助動詞的使用多於明確客觀取向的助動詞
的使用。最後，在語氣隱喻上，下指令的句型則以敘述句的句型呈現出; 因為藉
由語氣隱喻的方式，聽者會有受到尊重的感覺。
總結而言，此研究從系統功能語言學的人際元功能出發。對分析演講語篇中
人際溝通方面有著不同於以往的探討方式。同時, 有助於對英文閱讀及寫作方面
的教導及學習。

Abstract
In the past, the discourse analysis of the texts of public speaking mostly focused
on phonetic characteristics, vocabulary, grammar, and the figures of speech. However,
the stylistic analysis of texts from the perspective of the interpersonal metafunction of
Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL) is scant. Therefore, the aim of this research
attempts to explore the usage of the selection of the person system, mood types,
modality, and interpersonal metaphor of the three public speeches of Barack Obama.
They are Announcement for President, Victory Speech, and Inaugural Speech. The
theoretical framework of analytical techniques of discourse analysis behind this
research is SFL, which is a theory of language to establish the relationship between
language and social life. The descriptive statistics was used to tabulate the analytical
results.
Five principal findings are listed as follows: a) the first person and the third
person are the dominant person system; b) the declarative mood and the imperative
mood are mainly used mood types; c) modulation and modalization with high value
are frequently used; however, the use of modulation for obligation and inclination is
less than that of modalization for probability and usuality; d) the use the explicitly
subjective orientation is more than that of the explicitly objective orientation; e)
metaphor of mood functioning as command is realized by the declarative mood in that
iii
by means of metaphor of mood, the speaker would like to make the listeners feel
respected.
To conclude, this study based on the interpersonal metafunction of SFL is of
difference, compared to what was studied before, in exploring the interpersonal
communication in public speaking genre, as well as in enhancing teaching and
learning English in terms of reading and writing proficiency.

Table of Contents
Abstract(Chinese) ...................................................................................................................i
Abstract.................................................................................................................................ii
Acknowledgements...............................................................................................................iv
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................v
Tables ..................................................................................................................................vii
Figures............................................................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 1 ..........................................................................................................................1
Introduction...................................................................................................................1
Background and Motivation ..................................................................................1
Problem Statement .................................................................................................4
Purpose of the Study ..............................................................................................5
Research Questions................................................................................................6
Significance of the Study .......................................................................................7
Definitions of Terms ..............................................................................................7
Organization of the Thesis ...................................................................................10
CHAPTER 2 ........................................................................................................................11
Literature Review.........................................................................................................11
The Genres of Public Speaking............................................................................11
The Nature of Public Speech .......................................................................11
The Features of Public Speech.....................................................................12
An Introduction of Systemic Functional Linguistics ...........................................15
Context.........................................................................................................16
Lexical-grammar..........................................................................................17
Semantics .....................................................................................................18
An Investigation of the Interpersonal Metafunction............................................19
The MOOD Types........................................................................................20
The Modality Structure ................................................................................22
Personal Pronouns........................................................................................23
Interpersonal Metaphors ..............................................................................24
Relevant SFL Studies about the Genre of Public Speaking.................................29
Summary ..............................................................................................................32
CHAPTER 3 ........................................................................................................................33
Method .........................................................................................................................33
Research Design...................................................................................................33
Data Collection ....................................................................................................36
Source of Data..............................................................................................36
A Brief Introduction to the Chosen Texts ....................................................36
Instrument ............................................................................................................38
Data Analysis .......................................................................................................39
Identifying the Basic Units Before Analyzing the Texts..............................39
Analyzing the Person System ......................................................................43
Recognizing the Mood Types ......................................................................43
Distinguishing the Modality System............................................................45
Detecting the Metaphors of Modality ..........................................................46
Assaying the Metaphors of Mood................................................................46
CHAPTER 4 ........................................................................................................................48
Results and Discussion ........................................................................................................48
Result of Research Question 1.............................................................................48
Result of Research Question 2.............................................................................51
Result of Research Question 3.............................................................................55
Result of Research Question 4.............................................................................62
Result of Research Question 5.............................................................................64
CHAPTER 5 ........................................................................................................................66
Conclusion ...........................................................................................................................66
Summary of Major Findings................................................................................66
The Findings of Research Question One .....................................................67
The Findings of Research Question Two.....................................................68
The Findings of Research Question Three...................................................70
The Findings of Research Question Four ....................................................72
The Findings of Research Question Five.....................................................72
Pedagogical Implications .....................................................................................73
Limitations of the Study.......................................................................................75
Suggestions for Future Research .........................................................................76
References...........................................................................................................................78
Appendix A:The Address of “Announcement for President” ..............................................87
Appendix B:The Victory Speech .........................................................................................98
Appendix C:The Inaugural Speech....................................................................................107
Tables
Table 1. Outline of the Most Relevant Studies on the features of Public Speech Texts......14
Table 2. Speech Functions and Commodalities in Exchange ..............................................21
Table 3. Speech Function and Mood of Clause ...................................................................21
Table 4. The Orientations And Types of Modality...............................................................23
Table 5. The Orientations And Types of Modality...............................................................25
Table 6. Speech Function and Mood Clauses ......................................................................27
Table 7. The Metaphorical Realization of the Speech Functions ........................................29
Table 8. Outline of the Most Relevant Studies On the Interpersonal Metafunction of
Public Speech Texts ...............................................................................................31
Table 9. Analytical Keys for Modality, Subject, Metaphors of Modality, and
Metaphors of Mood................................................................................................41
Table 10. The Explanations of Data Analysis ......................................................................42
Table 11. Personal Pronoun Distribution (announcement for President).............................48
Table 12. Personal Pronoun Distribution (victory speech) ..................................................49
Table 13. Personal Pronoun Distribution (inauguration speech) .........................................49
Table 14. Personal Pronoun Distribution (in all of the three speeches)...............................49
Table 15. The Distributions of Mood (announcement for President) ..................................52
Table 16. The Distributions of Mood (victory speech)........................................................52
Table 17. The Distributions of Mood (inauguration speech) ...............................................52
Table 18. The Distributions of Mood (in all of the three speeches).....................................52
Table 19. The Distributions of Modal System (announcement for President).....................56
Table 20. The Distributions of Modal System (victory speech) ..........................................57
Table 21. The Distributions of Modal System (inauguration speech) .................................58
Table 22. The Distributions of Modal System (in all of the three speeches).......................59
Table 23. The Distributions of the Metaphors of Modality (announcement for
President) .............................................................................................................62
Table 24. The Distributions of the Metaphors of Mood ......................................................64
Figures
Figure 1. Context, semantics and lexico-grammar ..............................................................16
Figure 2. The three stages of the research design ................................................................35

References
Andrew, G. (1994). Register and the Redemption of Relevance Theory The case of
metaphor. Pragmatics, 4(2), 139-181.
Bloor, T. & Bloor, M. (1995). The Functional Analysis of English: A Hallidayan
Approach. London: Arnold.
Crystal, D. and Davy, D. Investigating English Style [M]. London: Batsford. 1969.
Carter, R. et al. (1997). Working with Texts: a core book for language analysis. New
York: Routledge.
Cing, S. (2005). The Analysis of The Stylistic Features on The Clause Level in
English Speeches. Journal of Cangzhou Teachers’ College, 21(4), 111-113.
Chen, M. & Xiao, Q. H. (2006). The Interpersonal Meaning of Public Speeches on
Social Life-Analysis on the Interpersonal Meaning of London's Speeches
Bidding for Olympic Games. Journal of East China Jiaotong University, 23(6),
110-113.
Chen, D. C. (2007). The Pedagogical System of English Modality in the Framework
of the Systemic Functional Grammar. Journal of Guangdong University of
Foreign Studies, 18(3), 91-95.
Chen, Y. (2007). A Study of Ideology in Speech from the Perspective of
Systemic-Functional Grammar-A Case Study of CDA. Journal of Zhaotong Teacher's College, 29(2), 45-48.
Ding, J. (2008). A Corpus-based Study of American Presidential Inaugural Addresses.
Journal of Tianjin Foreign Studies University, 15(2), 25-31.
Eggins, S. (1994). An introduction to systemic functional linguistics. London:
Continuum International Publishing Group.
Eggins, S., & Slade, D. (1997). Analyzing casual conversation. London: Cassell.
Eggins, S. (2004). An Introduction to Systemic Functional Linguistics (2nd ed.). New
York: Continuum.
Fang, Y. (2005). Systemic-Functional Linguistics and Discourse Analysis. Foreign
Language Education, 26(6), 1-5.
Feng, C. Y. (2009). An Analysis of a Political Speech from Interpersonal Function
Perspective. Journal of Qiongzhou University, 16(6), 148-149
Fan, Y. L. & Liu, Y (2009). Kenneth Burke’s Rhetoric of Discourse Act: On Motives
of Public Speech. Journal of Zhejiang University of Science and Technology,
20(2), 57-61.
Fan, Q. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis of Female Politicians’ Speech. Journal of
Maoming University, 20(2), 30-33.
Feng, H. & Liu, Y. H. (2010). Analysis of Interpersonal Meaning in Public Speeches
－A Case Study of Obama’s Speech. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 1(6), 825-829.
Graber, Philip L. (2001). Context in text: A systemic functional analysis of the parable
of the sower. doctoral dissertation, University of Emory.
Guo, X. L. (2001). How to develop students’ ability of discourse analysis in the
teaching of English reading. Journal of Chengdu University of Information
Technology, 16(2), 153-157.
Guo, N. (2008). Systemic Functional Grammar and its pedagogical implications.
Sino-US English Teaching, 5(10), 45-50.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1973). Explorations in the functions of language. London:
Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1978). Languages social semiotic: The social interpretation of
language and meaning. London: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1985). An introduction to functional grammar. London: Edward
Arnold (Publishers) Limited.
Halliday, M. A. K. (1994). An introduction to functional grammar (2nd ed.). London:
Edward Arnold (Publishers) Limited.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2000). An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd.). Beijing:
Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press.
Halliday, M. A. K. (2001). Language as social semiotic: The social interpersonal interpretation of language and meaning. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching
and Research Press.
Huang, G. W. (2002). Aspects of Functional Discourse Analysis. Foreign Language
Teaching, (4), 25-32.
Halliday, M. A. K., & Hasan, R. (1976). Cohesion in English. London: Longman.
Halliday, M. A. K., Matthiessen, C. M. I. M. (2004). An Introduction to Functional
Grammar (3nd ed.). London: Edward Arnold.
Huang, L. P. (2006). On Rhetoric Features of Speech in English. Journal of Nanning
Polytechnic, 11(4), 108-110.
Huang, Y. J. & Yang, M. (2008). The Interpersonal Meaning in Tony Blair's Speech to
EU Parliament. Journal of Sichuan College of Education, 24(3), 55-68.
Hua, Y. (2010). A Critical Discourse Analysis of Obama’s Presidential Inaugural
Speech. Journal of Nanchang Institute of Technology, 29(2), 62-66.
Ji, Y. H. (2001). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theories and Methods. Journal of
Xiamen University (Arts & Social Sciences), 3, 149-155.
Jiang, Sh. J. & Dai, W. P. (2006). A Tentative Study on Halliday's Systemic
-Functional Linguistics. Guangxi Social Sciences, (11), 159-162.
Jinadu, I. M. (2006). Aspects of Discourse in Systemic Functional Linguistics. An
Encyclopaedia of The Arts, 4(2), 128-131.
Jin,Q. & Gao, Y. G. (2007). On “I Have a Dream” from the Perspective of Stylistics.
US-China Foreign Language, 5(2), 17-21.
Jiang, X. & Liu, W. (2009). Analyzing Obama’s Victory Speech in 2008 Election by
Language’s Meta-functions. Journal of Northeastern University (Social Science),
11(4), 360-365.
Lock, G. (1996). Functional English Grammar: An introduction for second language
teachers. Cambridge；New York : Cambridge University Press.
Li, M. & Cao, J. (2006). Stylistic Analysis of Public Speech English. US-China
Foreign Language, 4(12), 42-46.
Li, Y. X. & Zhang, S. H. (2007). A Study of Fhetorical Iconicity in English Oratorical
Dicourse. Journal of Shandong TV University, (4), 62-64.
Liu, S. C. (2008). System, Function and Context of Situation in Systemic Functional
Linguistics. Sichuan University of Arts and Science Journal (Social Science
Edition), 18(4), 45-47.
Li, Y. Y. & Li, H. Y. (2009). A Rhetorical Analysis of Obama’s Inaugural Address.
Journal of Shangrao Normal University, 29(5), 57-62.
Li, B. W. (2009). Interpersonal Metaphor. Journal of Tibet Nationalities Institute
(Philosophy and Social Sciences), 30(3), 112-116.
Li, M. (2009). On the System-functional Linguistics. Journal of Yan’an Vocational & Technical Institute, 23(2), 49-50.
Liu, Q. (2010). Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics and Its Pratical
Implications in foreign language teaching. Kaoshi Zhoukan, (4), 107-108.
Martin, J. R. (1992). English Text: system and structure. Philadelphia/Amsterdam:
John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Martin, J. R., Matthiessen, C. M. I. M., & Painter, C. (1997). Working with Functional
Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Martin, J. R., & Rose, D. (2007). Working with discourse: Meaning beyond the clause
(2nd ed.). Beijing: Peking Continuam.
Mei, L. (2008). Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor and Its Functions. Journal of
Language and Literature Studies, 6, 70-72.
Pei, Z. Q. (2009). An Appreciation of Where Do We Go From Here by Martin Luther
King, Jr. from the Rhetorical Perspective. Journal of Tangshan Teachers College,
31(4), 46-47.
Stephen E. L. (1989). The art of public speaking. New York: Random House.
Stephan, G. & Pätzold, K. (1992). A Survey of Modern English. New York: Routledge.
Song, J. F. (2006). Systemic Functional Grammar and its applications in English
Teaching. Journal of Liaoning Administration College, 8(1), 67-68.
Shen, L. X. (2007). Brief Comment on Modality in English. Journal of Northwestuniversity (Philosophy and Social Sciences Edition), 37(5), 127-131.
Shao, S. G. & Jhang, F. K. (2009). Pragmatic Study of Interpersonal Grammatical
Metaphor. Journal of University of Jinan (Social Science Edition), 19(5), 27-30.
Thompson, G. (1996). Introducing functional grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
Thompson, G. (2000). Introducing functional grammar (2nd ed.). Beijing: Foreign
Language Teaching and Research Press.
Tang, J. P. (2007). The Pragmatic Functions of Interpersonal Metaphor. Journal of
Sichuan College of Education, 23(11), 89-91.
Wales, K. (1996). Personal pronouns in present-day English. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press.
Wang, A. H. (2005). Interpersonal Grammatical Metaphor in American Presidential
Inaugural Addresses. Unpublished master’s thesis, North China Electric Power
University, Northeastern China.
Wang, J. L. (2006). English interpersonal metaphor and text analysis. Journal of
Lishui University, 28(3), 49-52.
Wu, J. (2006). An Overview of Modality Study in Systemic-Functional Grammar.
Journal of Yichun University, 28(3), 137-139.
Wang, Z. (2007). The Implication of Systematic Functional Linguistics for Foreign
Languages Teaching and Learning. Journal of Nanning Teachers College, 24(3),77-79.
Wang, B. L. & Liu, X. L. (2009). Barack Obama’s Presidential Victory Speech: from
the Perspective of Stylistics. Journal of Luoyang Institute of Science and
Technology (Social Science), 24(3), 14-24.
Wu, S. M. (2009). A Analysis on a Political Speech from Interpersonal Function
Perspective: A Case Study of “Speech on Hitler’s Invasion of the U.S.S.R” by
Winston Churchill. Sichuan University of Arts and Science Journal (Social
Science Edition), 19(1), 104-107.
Wei, X. (2010). Critical Discourse Analysis: Theoretical Basis and Analytical
Methods. Southeast Academic Research, (1), 162-168.
Wu, Y. L. (2010). The Functional Analysis of Interpersonal Metaphors Based on
American Presidential Inaugural Addresses. Kaoshi Zhoukan, (14), 32-33.
Yang, F. (2010). Interpretation of Interpersonal Metaphors and Discourse Analysis in
English. Journal of Yancheng TeachersUniversity(Humanities & Social
Sciences), 30(1), 72-75.
Ye, H. J. & Liou, W. L. (2010). Analysis of Grammatical Metaphors of English
Speech. Writer Magazine, (3), 167-168.
Ye, R. (2010). The Interpersonal Metafunction Analysis of Brack Obama’s Victory
Speech. English Language Teaching, 3(2), 146-151.
Zou, Z. L. (2005). The Functional Discourse Analysis and The Teaching of Reading.
Journal of Hunan Agricultural University(Social Sciences), 6(4), 75-76.
Zhang, G. L. (2006). Using the Critical Discourse to Analyze Blair’s Speech. Journal
OF Shandong Institute of Commerce and Technology, 6(6), 67-69.
Zhang, D. (2007). A Functional Analysis of Grammatical Metaphor and English
Speech. Journal of Dalian University, 28(4), 121-124.
Zhou, L. (2008). Critical Discourse Analysis of Churchill’s “Speech on Hitler’s
Invasion of the U.S.S.R”. Journal of Jiangxi Institute of Education (Social
Sciences), 29(1), 62-65.
Zheng, D. C. (2009). Pragmatic Study of the Inaugural Address by Obama. Journal of
Chuxiong Normal University, 24(5), 79-82.
Zeng, F. Y. (2009). The Application of Discourse Analysis of Functional Grammar to
English Discourse Teaching. Journal of Shandong Institute of Commerce and
Technology, 9(1), 61-63.