臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

基於幼兒園室內多有開啟空調系統而導致通風不足及室內空氣污染物蓄積等問題，加上幼兒園室內多包含與揮發性有機物來源相關的消費用品或人為活動，因而產生揮發性有機物及甲醛等空氣污染物，為維護幼童健康及其學習品質，本研究針對高雄地區兩所公立國小附設幼兒園進行室內外揮發性有機物來源探討。於冬季與春季採集幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物、甲醛及乙醛組成，並利用受體模式—正矩陣因子法及相關矩陣分析，進行揮發性有機物來源及貢獻比例之推估，並試判斷其來源類型。研究結果表示，冬季與春季幼兒園的揮發性有機物、甲醛及乙醛室內外濃度比值普遍大於1，顯示室內存在相關污染來源。濃度組成方面，BTEX為幼兒園室內外主要的揮發性有機物組成，並發現部分幼兒園僅室內檢測出萘及氯仿，其他還包括四氯化碳等組成。正矩陣因子法推估結果顯示，幼兒園室內來源可能包括室內裝修 (33.6%-52.1%)、清潔溶劑 (23.5%-32.7%)、室外 (14.2%-24.2%)、消費用品 (5.4%-15.2%)及防蟲用品 (1.4%-2.5%)。室外則以交通排放為主要污染來源 (39.8-45.6%)，其次為工廠排放 (13.7%-30.1%)、油品揮發 (4.3%-32.8%)及燃燒行為 (8.7%-28%)。相關矩陣分析結果表示，幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物組成之間具有顯著且高度相關性 (r > 0.7)，推測來源包括室內裝修、交通及工廠排放、油品揮發及燃燒行為，可以驗證正矩陣因子法來源推估與類型判斷結果。根據上述，幼兒園室內應多加注意例行清潔、美術用品等污染來源的產生，適時搭配良好通風，以避免VOCs及甲醛等污染物造成蓄積，維護幼童健康。

There are many indoor air quality problems in kindergarten in Taiwan due to the use of air condition, such as insufficient ventilation and the accumulation of indoor air pollutants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and carbonyls (such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde). This study investigated the sources of indoor and outdoor VOCs in two kindergartens in Kaohsiung. Indoor and outdoor VOC and carbonyls samples were collected in the kindergarten in winter and spring. A receptor model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied for source apportionment of indoor and outdoor VOCs. The results of this study indicate that the ratios of indoor and outdoor concentrations (I/O ratio) of volatile organic compounds, formaldehyde and acetaldehyde in kindergartens were generally greater than 1, indicating that there are related indoor pollution sources. Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) were the main composition of volatile organic compounds indoors and outdoors in the kindergartens. The results of the PMF analysis shows that the indoor sources of kindergartens may include indoor decoration (33.6%-52.1%), clean solvents (23.5%-32.7%), outdoor (14.2%-24.2%), consumer supplies (5.4%-15.2) %) and anti-insect supplies (1.4%-2.5%). Traffic emissions are the main sources of VOCs, followed by factory emissions (13.7%-30.1%), oil volatilization (4.3%-32.8%) and combustion behavior (8.7%-28%). Results of correlation matrix analysis show that there is a significant and a high correlation between indoor and outdoor volatile organic compounds in the kindergarten (r> 0.7). The indoor VOCs and carbonyls in kindergarten are critical issues needed to be concerned.

摘要 i
ABSTRACT iii
致謝 v
目錄 vi
圖目錄 x
表目錄 xii
第一章 前言 1
1-1 研究背景 1
1-2 研究目的 3
第二章 文獻回顧 4
2-1 室內空氣污染 4
2-2 室內空氣品質法規簡述 6
2-3 室內空氣污染物 9
2-3-1 揮發性有機物 9
2-3-2 甲醛與乙醛 10
2-4 室內空氣污染物之健康危害 11
2-4-1 揮發性有機物之健康危害 11
2-4-2 甲醛與乙醛之健康危害 14
2-5 室內空氣污染來源 15
2-5-1 揮發性有機物來源 15
2-5-2 甲醛與乙醛來源 17
2-6 幼兒園室內空氣品質 18
2-6-1 幼兒園室內揮發性有機物來源 24
2-6-2 幼兒園室內揮發性有機物組成 27
2-7 受體模式 30
2-7-1 正矩陣因子(Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF) 30
2-7-2 正矩陣因子相關研究與應用 31
2-7-3 污染來源組成資料 37
2-8 相關矩陣分析統計 45
2-8-1相關矩陣分析統計相關研究與應用 45
第三章 研究方法 48
3-1 研究架構 48
3-2 研究規劃 49
3-2-1 採樣幼兒園之選取 49
3-2-2 採樣幼兒園之室內環境特性描述 50
3-2-2-1 幼兒園A 50
3-2-2-2 幼兒園B 52
3-2-3 採樣時程規劃 55
3-3 研究設計與檢測方法 56
3-3-1 研究設計 56
3-3-2 揮發性有機物檢測方法與儀器設備 57
3-3-3 甲醛與乙醛檢測方法與儀器設備 60
3-4 分析方法與儀器設備 62
3-4-1 揮發性有機物分析方法與儀器設備 62
3-4-2 甲醛與乙醛分析方法與儀器設備 65
3-5 品保與品管 66
3-5-1 吸附管之預處理與保存 66
3-5-2 採樣器流量校正 67
3-5-3 檢量線配製 67
3-5-4 方法偵測極限 68
3-6 受體模式分析方法 69
3-6-1 正矩陣因子(Positive Matrix Factorization, PMF) 69
3-6-2 污染來源組成資料之蒐集 72
3-7 相關性統計分析方法 73
第四章 結果與討論 74
4-1 冬季與春季採樣期間之風速風向(風花圖) 74
4-1-1 幼兒園A 75
4-1-2 幼兒園B 77
4-2 幼兒園室內環境描述與人員活動分析 79
4-2-1 幼兒園A 79
4-2-2 幼兒園B 82
4-3 幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物之濃度組成分析 84
4-3-1 揮發性有機物之濃度分析 84
4-3-2 揮發性有機物之濃度組成分析 91
4-3-3 揮發性有機物室內外濃度比值(I/O Ratio) 95
4-4 幼兒園室內外甲醛與乙醛之濃度組成分析 99
4-4-1 甲醛與乙醛之濃度分析 99
4-4-2 甲醛與乙醛之濃度組成分析 102
4-4-3 甲醛與乙醛室內外濃度比值(I/O Ratio) 104
4-5 幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物來源解析 106
4-5-1 冬季幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物來源解析 106
4-5-2 春季幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物來源解析 110
4-6 幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物組成相關性 115
4-6-1 冬季幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物組成相關性 115
4-6-2 春季幼兒園室內外揮發性有機物組成相關性 123
第五章 結論與建議 130
5-1 結論 130
5-2 建議 131
第六章 參考文獻 132

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