臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

　　本論文以澎湖本島為例，從事單人旅客旅程規劃與多人綠色運具選擇最佳化，全部僅使用綠色運具(電動機車、電動公車、共享單車與步行)進行低碳環保旅遊，以達到能源消耗、旅程時間與建置成本最小化的目的。研究中以全島32處景點、22處電動機車電池充電站、24處電動機車電池交換站、15條公車路線及各路線站牌為基礎設施，並假設22處共享單車租賃站設置地點於電池充電站附近。
　　單人旅程規劃利用基因演算法配合旅行銷售員問題進行最佳化，以電動機車與步行，進行景點順序排程，求解最佳旅遊路線。多人綠色運具選擇利用單人旅程規劃的最佳旅遊路線為基礎，使用三種交通工具與步行的不同組合，包含1. 電動機車、公車與步行，2. 電動機車、共享單車與步行，3. 電動機車、公車、共享單車與步行，分別使用基因演算法與人工蜂群演算法進行綠色運具選擇最佳化，以達到降低能源消耗、旅程時間與建置成本的目的。
　　經研究發現，在多人綠色運具選擇的能源消耗最小化中，使用案例1A能源消耗最小化的旅遊路線為基礎，加入電動機車與共享單車為最佳組合，因騎乘共享單車不需消耗能量，對降低能耗有很大幫助。在多人綠色運具選擇的旅程時間最小化中，使用案例1A能源消耗最小化的旅遊路線為基礎，加入電動機車與公車為最佳組合。電動機車與公車每公里能源消耗相近，而搭乘公車需等待時間，因此騎乘機車較節省旅程時間。在多人綠色運具選擇的建置成本最小化中，使用案例1B旅程時間最小化的旅遊路線為基礎，加入電動機車與公車為最佳組合，並且發現能耗較高時，建置成本降低。

　　This paper presents the optimization of solo travel itinerary planning and multipassenger green vehicle selection on the main island of the Penghu islands. Only walking and green vehicles (e.g., electric scooters, electric buses, and shared bicycles) were considered so as to minimize energy consumption, travel time, and setup cost. The 32 attractions, 22 electric scooter battery charging stations, 24 electric scooter battery exchange stations, and 15 bus routes and bus stops on each route across the island were the infrastructure of focus in this study. The shared bicycle rental stations, 22 in total, were assumed to be installed nearby the battery recharge stations.
　　Solo travel itinerary planning was optimized through the genetic algorithm in addressing the traveling salesman problem. The travels to the attractions on foot and on electric scooters were arranged in sequence to identify the optimal travel route. On the basis of the optimized travel route, 3 combinations of green vehicle travels and walking were implemented: (1) scooter, bus, and walking; (2) scooter, shared bicycle, and walking; (3) scooter, bus, shared bicycle, and walking. The selection of green vehicles was optimized through the genetic algorithm and the artificial bee colony algorithm to minimize energy consumption, travel time, and setup cost.
　　Route 1A was adopted as the basis of minimizing energy consumption, and the optimal combination of green vehicles involved the use of electric scooters and shared bicycles. Because shared bicycles do not consume energy, they are conducive to minimizing energy consumption. Route 1A was also adopted as the basis for minimizing travel time, and the optimal vehicle combination for the purpose involved the use of scooters and buses. Scooters and buses are nearly identical in the energy they consume per km, but riding buses requires waiting. Therefore, scooters are the most time-efficient option. Route 1B, which is the route for minimizing travel time, was adopted for the purpose of minimizing setup cost; the optimal vehicle combination involved the use of scooters and buses. Notably, increasing energy consumption led to a decrease in setup cost.

摘要 I
ABSTRACT II
誌謝 III
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究動機 1
1.2 文獻回顧 2
1.3 章節概要 4
第二章 澎湖本島景點與綠色運具介紹 5
2.1 澎湖本島景點、電池充/換電站、公車站牌、共享單車租賃站 5
2.2 電動機車租賃與電能補充方式 7
2.2.1 電動機車租賃系統 7
2.2.2 電池充電與交換方式 7
2.3 公車運輸系統 8
2.4 共享單車租賃系統 9
2.5 步行參數 10
第三章 綠色運具運行模擬與相關參數 11
3.1 單人電動機車運行模擬 11
3.2 多人綠色運具運行模擬 14
3.2.1 使用電動機車與電動公車 16
3.2.2 使用電動機車與共享單車 19
3.2.3 使用電動機車、公車與共享單車 22
第四章 最佳化方法 26
4.1 基因演算法(Genetic Algorithm) 26
4.2 人工蜂群演算法(Artificial Bee Colony) 28
第五章 研究結果 30
5.1 案例1：單人綠色運具運行規劃—使用電動機車 30
5.1.1 案例1A：能源消耗最小化 31
5.1.2 案例1B：旅程時間最小化 31
5.1.3 案例1C：建置成本最小化 31
5.2 案例2：多人綠色運具選擇規劃—使用電動機車與公車 32
5.2.1 案例2A：能源消耗最小化 32
5.2.1 案例2B：旅程時間最小化 34
5.2.2 案例2C：建置成本最小化 36
5.3 案例3：多人綠色運具選擇規劃—使用電動機車與共享單車 38
5.3.1 案例3A：能源消耗最小化 38
5.3.2 案例3B：旅程時間最小化 40
5.3.3 案例3C：建置成本最小化 42
5.4 案例4：多人綠色運具選擇規劃—使用電動機車、公車與共享單車 44
5.4.1 案例4A：能源消耗最小化 45
5.4.2 案例4B：旅程時間最小化 46
5.4.3 案例4C：建置成本最小化 48
第六章 結論與未來研究方向 51
6.1 結論 51
6.2 未來研究方向 52
參考文獻 53
附錄 57

[1].F.D. Kanellos, E. Grigoroudis, C. Hope, V.S. Kouikoglou, Y.A. Phillis, "Optimal GHG Emission Abatement and Aggregate Economic Damages of Global Warming," IEEE Systems Journal, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 2784-2793, Dec. 2017, doi: 10.1109/JSYST.2014.2376493.
[2].B.K. Bose, "Global Warming: Energy, Environmental Pollution, and the Impact of Power Electronics," IEEE Industrial Electronics Magazine, vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 6-17, March 2010, doi: 10.1109/MIE.2010.935860.
[3].M. Alsabaan, K. Naik, T. Khalifa, A. Nayak, "Optimization of fuel cost and emissions with vehicular networks at traffic intersections," 2012 15th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, 2012, pp. 613-619, doi: 10.1109/ITSC.2012.6338697.
[4].IEA, "Net Zero by 2050: a Roadmap for the Global Energy Sector ," Special Report , 2021.
[5].中華民國交通部，機動車輛登記數，網址：https://stat.motc.gov.tw/mocdb/stmain.jsp?sys=100&funid=a3301
[6].J.D.K. Bishop , R.T. Doucette, D. Robinson, B. Mills, M.D. McCulloch, "Investigating the technical, economic and environmental performance of electric vehicles in the real-world: A case study using electric scooters." Journal of Power Sources.196,10094–10104, 2011.
[7].陳韻如，朱致遠，電動機車使用者電池交換行為之離散事件系統模擬，交通部運輸研究所，運輸計劃季刊，2019。
[8].J.J. Hwang, " Sustainable transport strategy for promoting zero-emission electric scooters in Taiwan," Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 14, 1390–1399, 2010.
[9].Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries, "World Oil Outlook 2021," pp.122, 2021.
[10].A. Alam, M. Hatzopoulou, "Reducing transit bus emissions: Alternative fuels or traffic operations," Atmospheric Environment, Volume 89, Pages 129-139, ISSN 1352-2310, 2014.
[11].J. Broach, J Dill, J. Gliebe, "Where do cyclists ride? A route choice model developed with revealed preference GPS data," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice. 46(10), 1730-1740, 2012.
[12].L. Caggiani, A Colovic, M. Ottomanelli, "An equality-based model for bike-sharing stations location in bicycle-public transport multimodal mobility," Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, Volume 140, Pages 251-265, ISSN 0965-8564, 2020.
[13].C. Mulley, C. Ho, L. Ho, D. Hensher, J. Rose, "Will bus travellers walk further for a more frequent service? An international study using a stated preference approach," Transport Policy, Volume 69, Pages 88-97, ISSN 0967-070X.
[14].B.R. Ke, C.Y. Chung, Y.C. Chen, "Minimizing the costs of constructing an all plug-in electric bus transportation system: A case study in Penghu," Applied Energy. 177, 649-660, 2016.
[15].B.R. Ke, Y.H. Lin, H.Z Chen, S.C. Fang, "Battery charging and discharging scheduling with demand response for an electric bus public transportation system: a case study in Penghu," Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. 40, 100741, 2020.
[16].B.R. Ke, S.C. Fang, J.H Lai, "Adjustment of bus departure time of an electric bus transportation system for reducing costs and carbon emissions: A case study in Penghu," Energy & Environment, DOI: 10.1177/0958305X211016872, 2021.
[17].A.J.C Trappey, C. Trappey, C.T. Hsiao, J.J.R. Ou, S.J. Li, K.W.P. Chen, "An evaluation model for low carbon island policy: The case of Taiwan’s green transportation policy," Energy Policy. 45, 510–515, 2012.
[18].經濟部工業局，專案計畫期末執行成果報告，電動機車產業零組件共通標準推動計畫(1/5)，108年01月。
[19].S.K Huang, L. Kuo, K.L. Chou, "The impacts of government policies on green utilization diffusion and social benefits – A case study of electric motorcycles in Taiwan," Energy Policy, Volume 119, Pages 473-486, ISSN 0301-4215 ,2018.
[20].T. Koossalapeerom, T. Satiennam, W. Satiennam, W. Leelapatra, A. Seedam "Thana Rakpukdee, Comparative study of real-world driving cycles, energy consumption, and CO2 emissions of electric and gasoline motorcycles driving in a congested urban corridor," Sustainable Cities and Society, Volume 45, Pages 619-627, ISSN 2210-6707, 2019.
[21].J. Kim, K. Tsubouchi, H. Yamato, "Development of the Multi-mobility Sharing Service Management System- A Case Study of Kashiwa City, Japan," The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems, vol. 13, no. 1. The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems, pp. 75–85, 28-Feb-2014.
[22].柯博仁，考量節能減排之綠色運輸旅遊行程規劃─以澎湖本島為例，107年科技部專題研究計畫報告。
[23].柯博仁，考量節能減排之綠色運輸旅遊行程規劃(II)─以澎湖本島為例，108年科技部專題研究計畫報告。
[24].澎湖縣政府資料開放平台，澎湖縣電動車充電站，網址：https://opendata.penghu.gov.tw/dataset/fr30000-2017-05-31-1496211406
[25].澎湖縣政府公共車船管理處網站，網址：https://www.phpto.gov.tw/home.jsp?id=29
[26].澎湖縣政府，中華汽車7-11電動機車充電站啟動打造充電友善環境，網址：https://www.penghu.gov.tw/ch/home.jsp?id=10087&act=view&dataserno=201205310001
[27].曾郁茜，從會員經濟看電動機車共享商業模式，工研院產經中心，機械與系統研究組，智慧車輛研究部，機械工業技術與產業資訊專輯。
[28].侯建章，澎湖電動機車二氧化碳排放量之研究，島嶼觀光研究, 5(1), 2012年4月。
[29].尤浚達，電動機車產業推動關鍵成功因素分析—以澎湖地區為例，國立交通大學，碩士論文，中華民國103年6月。
[30].歐嘉瑞，洪明龍，李沛濠，澎湖低碳島之規劃與生態觀光，島嶼觀光研究，4(3)，24-41頁， doi:10.29859/JITR.201110.0002，2011。
[31].電動巴士穿梭未來，環境資訊中心，網址：https://e-info.org.tw/node/101138
[32].A. Levofsky, A. Greenberg, "Organized Dynamic Ride Sharing: The Potential Environmental Benefits and the Opportunity for Advancing the Concept," Proceedings of the Transportation Research Board, Annual Meeting, Washington D.C., USA, 2001.
[33].M. He, X. Ma, Y. Jin, "Station Importance Evaluation in Dynamic Bike-Sharing Rebalancing Optimization Using an Entropy-Based TOPSIS Approach," IEEE Access, Vol. 9, pp. 38119-38131, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.3063881, 2021.
[34].W. Li, Y. Ji, X. Cao, X. Qi, "Trip Purpose Identification of Docked Bike-Sharing From IC Card Data Using a Continuous Hidden Markov Model," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 189598-189613, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3026685, 2020.
[35].L. Pan, X. Liu, Y. Xia, L.N. Xing, "Tabu Search Algorithm for the Bike Sharing Rebalancing Problem," IEEE Access, Vol. 8, pp. 144543-144556, DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3011844, 2020.
[36].澎湖縣政府行政處，網址：https://www.penghu.gov.tw/general/index.jsp
[37].交通部觀光局澎湖國家風景區管理處，網址：https://www.penghu-nsa.gov.tw/
[38].臺中市政府交通局，公共自行車租賃系統建置規劃及營運管理案規劃案期末報告。
[39].張震宇，以演化基礎的塔布搜尋方法解旅行銷售員問題，淡江大學資訊管理學系碩士班學位論文，doi:10.6846/TKU.2008.00263，2008。
[40].王裕廷，基因演算法應用於具時窗限制之多天旅遊行程規劃，長榮大學資訊管理研究所學位論文，doi:10.6833/CJCU.2010.00015，2010。
[41].李維平，江正文，賀嘉生，李佩玲，以混合基因與粒子群演算法求解旅行銷售員問題，先進工程學刊，5(4)，pp.377-383，doi:10.29948/JAE.201010.0012，2010。
[42].王美齡，馮正一，張育瑄，基因演算法於邊坡穩定分析之初步應用，水土保持學報，42(1)：65-82，2010。
[43].郭彤穎，張輝，朱林倉，特種機器人技術，千華駐科技，156頁，2021年6月23日。
[44].M., Gen, R. Cheng, "Genetic Algorithms and Engineering Design," John Wiley & Sons, 1997.
[45].B.R. Ke, N. Chen, "Signalling block layout and strategy of train operation for saving energy in mass rapid transit systems," Vol. 152, No. 2, pp. 129-140, 2005.
[46].Z.H. Ahmed, "Genetic Algorithm for the Traveling Salesman Problem using Sequential Constructive Crossover Operator," International Journal of Biometrics and Bioinformatics, 3(6), 96-10.
[47].Z.H. Ahmed, "Adaptive Sequential Constructive Crossover Operator in a Genetic Algorithm for Solving the Traveling Salesman Problem," International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 11, No. 2, 2020.
[48].張永康，周于文，應用蜂群演算法於結構最佳化設計之研究，淡江大學航空太空工程研究所，淡江大學航空太空工程研究所，2014年11月。
[49].李維平，李維平，謝明勳，以群中心策略改良人工蜂群演算法，資訊管理學報，第二十一卷，第一期，25-44頁。
[50].秦全德，程適，李麗，史玉回，人工蜂群演算法研究綜述，智慧系統學報，第9卷，第2期，doi：10.3969/j.issn.1673⁃4785.201309064，2014。