臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本論文建立摻鉺光纖光放大器等效電路模型，主要考慮三種效應，增幅自發放射、分割的時間延遲、與啾頻效應。在電路模型中，輸入光信號的型式，以及近十種摻鉺光纖的參數，可由使用者自定，並且可以準確地模擬出光放大器直流、交流與暫態的特性。
在分波多工系統中，當光信號塞取時，可由分割時間延遲的電路模型，正確地模擬出增益控制光放大器弛張振盪的特性。光纖雷射啟動時的暫態響應，也能成功地模擬出。另外，我們也分析摻鉺光纖長度、雷射反射率、與共振腔結構等三種因素，對增益控制光放大器與光纖雷射動態特性的影響。
使用包含啾頻效應的摻鉺光纖光放大器電路模型，我們分析了分波多工系統的交叉調變，以及調幅次載波多工系統的交互調變。以42個頻道的調幅次載波多工系統為例，我們分析了混成二階失真，並探討系統允許的調變指數與頻道數限制。
本文最後提出另外三種相關光電組件的等效電路模型，半導體光放大器與半導體雷射的統一模型、包含載子傳輸時間效應的p-i-n光二極體模型、與考慮損耗與色散的光纖模型。這些模型不但可以分析光纖傳輸系統的眼形圖，還可以進一步分析系統的暫態響應，並作為系統設計的評估比較。

In this thesis, we first develop the equivalent electrical circuit model of an erbium-doped fiber amplifier (EDFA). Concentrations are made on the effects of amplified spontaneous emission (ASE), partitioned time delay, and chirping. In this circuit model, input optical signal and ten parameters of EDF can be set by users, and the DC, AC, and transient features of EDFAs can be simulated accurately.
When channels are added or dropped in a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system, the relaxation oscillation of gain-controlled EDFA (GC-EDFA) can be simulated correctly by our partitioned time delay circuit model. The turn-on transients in an EDF laser (EDFL) are also shown. The three effects of EDF length, laser reflectivity, and cavity effect on GC-EDFAs and EDFLs are also presented.
Using the EDFA circuit model including chirping effect, we analyze the cross modulations of a WDM system and the intermodulation of an amplitude modulation subcarrier multiplexing (AM-SCM) system. A performance evaluation is also shown of a 42-channel AM-SCM EDFA system, including the composite second-order distortions (CSO), the allowable modulation index, and the limit on the number of channels.
Finally, we develop three other equivalent circuit models, the unified model of semiconductor optical amplifier (SOA) and semiconductor laser, the model of p-i-n photodiode including the transit-time effect, and the model of optical fiber with loss and dispersion. Using the above circuit models, not only the eye-diagrams, but also the transient response of an optical fiber transmission system can be analyzed. It makes easy to design and evaluate the system.

中文摘要 ----------------------------------------------------- I
英文摘要 ---------------------------------------------------- II
誌謝 ------------------------------------------------------- III
目錄 -------------------------------------------------------- IV
圖表索引 ---------------------------------------------------- VI
第一章 緒論 ------------------------------------------------- 1
1.1 前言 ---------------------------------------------------- 1
1.2 研究動機 ------------------------------------------------ 2
1.3 摻鉺光纖光放大器的發展與基本原理 ------------------------ 3
1.4 研究目標與章節簡介 -------------------------------------- 8
第二章 摻鉺光纖光放大器等效電路模型 ------------------------ 10
2.1 摻鉺光纖光放大器模型建立 ------------------------------- 10
2.2 摻鉺光纖光放大器等效電路模型 --------------------------- 12
2.3 考慮增幅自發放射之摻鉺光纖光放大器等效電路模型 --------- 15
2.4 結果與討論 --------------------------------------------- 17
2.5 結論 --------------------------------------------------- 32
第三章 增益控制摻鉺光纖光放大器與光纖雷射 ------------------ 33
3.1 增益控制光纖光放大器與光纖雷射之結構與模型 ------------- 33
3.2 模型驗證 ----------------------------------------------- 39
3.2.1 時間延遲之影響 --------------------------------------- 39
3.2.2 摻鉺光纖分段的影響 ----------------------------------- 40
3.2.3 模型的驗證 ------------------------------------------- 44
3.3 環型與直線型的光纖雷射與增益控制摻鉺光纖光放大器之設計-- 46
3.3.1 光纖雷射 --------------------------------------------- 48
3.3.2 增益控制摻鉺光纖光放大器 ----------------------------- 53
3.4 結論 --------------------------------------------------- 57
第四章 考慮啾頻效應的摻鉺光纖光放大器
在分波多工與次載波多工系統之失真分析 ------------------------ 60
4.1 考慮啾頻效應之摻鉺光纖光放大器 ------------------------- 60
4.1.1 雷射啾頻 --------------------------------------------- 60
4.1.2 考慮啾頻效應摻鉺光纖光放大器之電路模型 --------------- 61
4.2 分波多工系統中的交叉調變 ------------------------------- 65
4.3 振幅調變次載波多工系統
之二階交互調變與混成二階失真 -------------------------------- 67
4.3.1 次載波多工系統 --------------------------------------- 67
4.3.2 振幅調變次載波多工系統中的二階交互調變 --------------- 70
4.3.3 在多頻道次載波多工系統中的混成二階失真 --------------- 72
4.3.4 二階交互調變與頻率及輸入功率之關係 ------------------- 74
4.3.5 二階交互調變與混成二階失真 --------------------------- 74
4.3.6 頻道數量與混成二階失真 ------------------------------- 81
4.3.7 混成二階失真與光調變指數 ----------------------------- 83
4.4 討論與結論 --------------------------------------------- 84
第五章 其他光電元件等效電路模型與光纖傳輸系統模擬 ---------- 88
5.1 半導體光放大器與半導體雷射之等效電路模型 --------------- 88
5.1.1 模型建立 --------------------------------------------- 90
5.1.2 結果與討論 ------------------------------------------- 93
5.2 p-i-n光二極體等效電路模型 ----------------------------- 101
5.2.1 模型建立 -------------------------------------------- 101
5.2.2 結果與討論 ------------------------------------------ 106
5.3 使用電路模型模擬光纖傳輸系統 -------------------------- 112
5.3.1 光纖等效電路模型 ------------------------------------ 112
5.3.2 光纖傳輸系統之模擬 ---------------------------------- 114
5.4 結論 -------------------------------------------------- 116
第六章 結論 ----------------------------------------------- 121
6.1 研究重點與討論 ---------------------------------------- 121
6.2 未來研究方向與應用 ------------------------------------ 123
參考文獻 --------------------------------------------------- 125
作者著作 --------------------------------------------------- 137
作者簡介 --------------------------------------------------- 140

[1] N. Ghani, S. Dixit, and T.-S. Wang, “On IP-over-WDM integration,” IEEE Commun. Mag., pp. 72-84, Mar. 2000.
[2] M. J. Yadlowsky, E. M. Deliso, and V. L. D. Silva, “Optical fiber and amplifiers for WDM systems,” Proc. IEEE, vol. 85, pp. 1765-1779, Nov. 1997.
[3] G. E. Keiser, “A review of WDM technology and applications,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 5, pp. 3-39, 1999.
[4] B. Nyman, M. Farries, and C. Si, “Technology trends in dense WDM demultiplexers,” Opt. Fiber Technol., vol. 7, pp. 255-274, 2001.
[5] T. Ono, “Wavelength-division-multiplexing: terabit technologies with high spectral efficiency,” Opt. Photon. News, pp. 56-59, Mar. 2001.
[6] M. M.-K. Liu, Principles and Applications of Optical Communications, Chicago: Richard D. Irwin, 1996.
[7] A. Lowery, O. Lenzmann, I. Koltchanov, R. Moosburger, R. Freund, A. Richter, S. Georgi, D. Breuer, and H. Hamster, “Multiple signal representation simulation of photonic devices, systems, and networks,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 6, pp. 282-296, 2000.
[8] I. Roudas, N. Antoniades, D. H. Richards, R. E. Wagner, J. L. Jackel, S. F. Habiby, T. E. Stern, and A. F. Elrefaie, “Wavelength-domain simulation of multiwavelength optical networks,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 6, pp. 348-362, 2000.
[9] M. M. Kozak, R. Caspary, and U. B. Unrau, “Computer aided EDFA design, simulation and optimization,” in Int. Conf. Transparent Opt. Network. 2001, Cracow, Poland, June 2001, pp. 202-205.
[10] R. S. Tucker, “Circuit model of double-heterojunction laser below threshold,” IEE Proc., vol. 128, Pt. I, pp. 101-106, June 1981.
[11] R. S. Tucker and D. J. Pope, “Microwave circuit models of semiconductor injection lasers,” IEEE T. Microw. Theory, vol. 31, pp.289-294, Mar. 1983.
[12] D. S. Gao, S. M. Kang, R. P. Bryan, and J. J. Coleman, “Modeling of quantum-well lasers for computer-aided analysis of optoelectronic integrated circuits,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 26, pp. 1206-1216, July 1990.
[13] H. A. Tafti, K. K. Kamath, G. Abraham, F. N. Farokhrooz, and P. R. Vaya, “Circuit modeling of multimode semiconductor lasers and study of pulse broadening effect,” Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 1443-1445, Aug. 1993.
[14] A. L. Lentine, “Circuit model of multiple-quantum-well diode,” Appl. Optics, vol. 33, pp. 1376-1379, Mar. 1994.
[15] M. F. Lu, J. S. Deng, C. Juang, M. J. Jou, B. J. Lee, “Equivalent circuit model of quantum-well lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 31, pp. 1418-1422, Aug. 1995.
[16] B. P. C. Tsou and D. L. Pulfrey, “A versatile SPICE model for quantum-well lasers,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 33, pp. 246-254, Feb. 1997.
[17] G. Rossi, R. Paoletti, and M. Meliga, “SPICE simulation for analysis and design of fast 1.55mm MQW laser diodes,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1509-1516, Aug. 1998.
[18] N. R. Desai, K. V. Hoang, and G. J. Sonek, “Applications of PSPICE simulation software to the study of optoelectronic integrated circuit and devices,” IEEE T. Educ., vol.36, pp. 357-362, Nov. 1993.
[19] G. George and J. P. Krusius, “Dynamic response of high-speed PIN and Schottky-barrier photodiode layers to nonuniform optical illumination,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 1387-1393, Aug. 1994.
[20] A. Xiang, W. Wohlmuth, Patrick Fay, S.-M. Kang, and I. Adesida, “Modeling of InGaAs MSM photodetector for circuit-level simulation,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 716-723, Aug. 1994.
[21] W. Chen and S. Liu, “PIN avalanche photodiodes model for circuit simulation,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 32, pp. 2105-2111, Dec. 1996.
[22] H. Jiang and P. K. L. Yu, “Equivalent circuit analysis of harmonic distortions in photodiode,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 1608-1610, Nov. 1998.
[23] J.-J Jou, C.-K. Liu, C.-M. Hsiao, H.-H. Lin, and H.-C. Lee, “Time-delay circuit model of high-speed p-i-n photodiodes,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 525-527, Apr. 2002.
[24] A. Bononi, L. A. Rusch, and L. Tancevski, “Simple dynamic model of fibre amplifiers and equivalent electrical circuit,” Electron. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 1887-1888, Oct. 1997.
[25] Optiwave, Introduction, Technical Background and Tutorial OptiAmplifier, Optical Fiber Amplifier and Laser Design Software, Version 3.0.
[26] Virtual Photonics, Optoelectronic Photonic and Advanced Laser Simulator (OPALS) User Manual, Version 2.0.
[27] C. J. Koester and E. A. Snitzer, “Amplification in a fiber laser,” Appl. Optics, vol. 3, pp. 1182-1186, 1964.
[28] M. B. Panish, I. Hayashi, and S. Sumski, “Double-heterostructure injection lasers with room temperature threshold as low as 2300 A/cm2,” Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 16, pp. 326-327, Apr. 1970.
[29] M. J. F. Digonnet and C. J. Gaeta, “Theoretical analysis of optical fiber laser amplifiers and oscillators,” Appl. Optics, vol. 24, pp. 333-342, Feb. 1985.
[30] R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, S. B. Poole, and D. N. Payne, “Neodymium-doped silica single-mode fibre laser,” Electron. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 738-740, Aug. 1985.
[31] R. J. Mears, L. Reekie, I. M. Jauncey, and D. N. Payne, “Low-noise erbium-doped fibre amplifier operating at 1.54mm,” Electron. Lett., vol. 23, pp. 1026-1028, July 1987.
[32] E. Desurvire, J. R. Simpson, and P. C. Becker, “High-gain erbium-doped traveling-wave fiber amplifier,” Opt. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 888-890, 1987.
[33] R. Olshansky, “Noise figure for erbium-doped optical fibre amplifiers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 24, pp. 1363-1365, Oct. 1988.
[34] J. R. Armitage, “Three-level fiber laser amplifier: a theoretical model,” Appl. Optics, vol. 27, pp. 4831-4836, Dec. 1988.
[35] E. Desurvire and J. R. Simpson, “Amplification of spontaneous emission in erbium-doped single-mode fibers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 7, pp. 835-845, May 1989.
[36] C. R. Giles, E. Desurvire, and J. R. Simpson, “Transient gain and cross talk in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” Opt. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 880-882, Aug. 1989.
[37] P. R. Morkel and R. I. Laming, “Theoretical modeling of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with excited-state absorption,” Opt. Lett., vol. 14, pp. 1062-1064, Oct. 1989.
[38] E. Desurvire, C. R. Giles, and J. R. Simpson, “Gain saturation effects in high-speed, multichannel erbium-doped fiber amplifiers at l = 1.53mm,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 7, pp. 2095-2104, Dec. 1989.
[39] M. Peroni and M. Tamburrini, “Gain in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers: a simple analytical solution for the rate equations,” Opt. Lett., vol. 15, pp. 842-844, Aug. 1990.
[40] A. A. M. Saleh, R. M. Jopson, J. D. Evankow, and J. Aspell, “Modeling of gain in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 714-717, Oct. 1990.
[41] C. R. Giles and E. Desurvire, “Modeling erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 9, pp. 271-283, Feb. 1991.
[42] E. Desurvire, Erbium-Doped Fiber Amplifiers, New York: Wiley 1994.
[43] H. C. Ohanian, Moden Physics, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall 1987.
[44] B. Pedersen, K. Dybdal, C. D. Hansen, A. Bjarklev, J. H. Povlsen, H. Vendel-Pommer, C. C. Larsen, “Detailed theoretical and experimental investigation of high-gain erbium-doped fiber amplifier,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 2, pp. 863-865, Dec. 1990.
[45] R. I. Laming, J. E. Townsend, D. N. Payne, F. Meli, G. Grasso, and E. J. Tarbox, “High-power erbium-doped-fiber amplifiers operating in the saturated regime,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 253-255, Mar. 1991.
[46] S. Yamashita and T. Okoshi, “Performance improvement and optimization of fiber amplifier with a midway isolator,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 1276-1278, Nov. 1992.
[47] K. Bertilsson and P. A. Andrekson, “Modeling of noise in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in the saturated Regime,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 1198-1206, July 1994.
[48] F.-S. Lai, J.-J. Jou, and C.-K. Liu, “Indicator of amplified spontaneous emission in erbium doped fibre amplifiers,” Electron. Lett., vol. 35, pp. 587-588, Apr. 1999.
[49] K. Y. Ko, M. S. Demokan, and H. Y. Tam, “Transient analysis of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 6, pp.1436-1438, Dec. 1994.
[50] A. Bononi and L. A. Rusch, “Doped-fiber amplifier dynamics: a system perspective,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 945-956, May 1998.
[51] Q. Yu and C. Fan, “Simple dynamic model of all-optical gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, pp. 1166-1171, July 1999.
[52] A. W. T. Wu and A. J. Lowery, “Efficient multiwavelength dynamic model for erbium-doped fiber amplifier,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 34, pp. 1325-1331, Aug. 1998.
[53] E. Desurvire, M. Zirngibl, H. M. Presby, and D. DiGiovanni, “Dynamic gain compensation in saturated erbium-doped fiber amplifier,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 453-455, May 1991.
[54] A. D. Ellis, R. M. Percival, A. Lord, and W. A. Stallard, “Automatic gain control in cascaded erbium-doped fibre amplifier systems,” Electron. Lett., vol. 27, pp. 193-195, Jan. 1991.
[55] H. Okamura, “Automatic optical loss compensation with erbium-doped fiber amplifier,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 10, pp. 1110-1116, Aug. 1992.
[56] B. Landousies, T. Georges, E. Delevaque, R. Lebref, and M. Monerie, “Low power transient in multichannel equalised and stabilised gain amplifier using passive gain control,” Electron. Lett., vol. 32, pp. 1912-1913, Sept. 1996.
[57] K.-W. Na, J.-T. Choi, W.-J. Lee, S.-H. Park, W.-W. Toon, and K.-K. Lee, “A cost-effective gain control using pump modulation for erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 383-385, Apr. 2000.
[58] C.-C. Wang and G. J. Cowle, “Optical gain control of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with a saturable absorber,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 483-485, May 2000.
[59] H. Yoon, J. Park, S. J. Ahn, and N. Park, “Link-control gain clamping for a cascaded EDFAs link using differential ASE monitor,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 12, pp. 1334-1336, Oct. 2000.
[60] E. Delevaque, T. Georges, J. F. Bayon, M. Monerie, P. Niay, and P. Bernage, “Gain control in erbium-doped fibre amplifiers by lasing at 1480 nm with photoinduced Bragg gratings written on fibre ends,” Electron. Lett., vol. 29, pp. 1112-1114, June 1993.
[61] Y. Zhao, J. Bryce, and R. Minasian, “Gain clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers — modeling and experiment,” IEEE J. Select. T. Quantum Electron., vol. 3, pp. 1008-1012, Aug. 1997.
[62] D. H. Richards, J. L. Jackel, and M. A. Ali, “A theoretical investigation of dynamic all-optical automatic gain control in multichannel EDFA’s and EDFA cascsdes,” IEEE J. Select. T. Quantum Electron., vol. 3, pp. 1027-1036, Aug. 1997.
[63] A. Yu and M. J. O’Mahony, “Design and modeling of laser-controlled erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE J. Select. T. Quantum Electron., vol. 3, pp. 1013-1018, Aug. 1997.
[64] G. Luo, J. L. Zyskind, J. A. Nagel, and M. A. Ali, “Experimental and theoretical analysis of relaxation-oscillations and spectral hole burning effects in all-optical gain-clamped EDFA’s for WDM networks,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 527-533, Apr. 1998.
[65] S. R. Chinn, “Simplified modeling of transients in gain-clamped erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1095-1100, June 1998.
[66] M. Karásek and J. A. Vallés, “Analysis of channel addition/removal response in all-optical gain-controlled cascade of erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 1795-1803, Oct. 1998.
[67] A. Bononi and L. Barbieri, “Design of gain-clamped doped-fiber amplifiers for optimal dynamic performance,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 17, pp. 1229-1240, July 1999.
[68] Y. Liu and M. F. Krol, “Transient gain control in EDFA’s by dual-cavity optical automatic gain control,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 1381-1383, Nov. 1999.
[69] T. Pfeiffer, H. Schmuck, and H. Bülow, “Output power characteristics of erbium-doped fiber ring lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 847-849, Aug. 1992.
[70] O. G. Okhotnikov, V. V. Kuzmin, and J. R. Salcedo, “General intracavity method for laser transition characterization by relaxation oscillations spectral analysis,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 362-364, Mar. 1994.
[71] V. J. Mazurczyk and J. L. Zyskind, “Polarization dependent gain in erbium doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 616-618, May 1994.
[72] C. Y. Kuo and E. E. Bergmann, “Erbium-doped fiber amplifier second-order distortion in analog links and electronic compensation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 3, pp. 829-831, Sept. 1991.
[73] J. Ohya, H. Sato, and T. Fujita, “Second-order distortion generated by amplification of intensity-modulated signals with chirping in erbium-doped fiber.” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 4, pp. 1000-1002, Sept. 1992.
[74] C. Y. Kuo, “Fundamental nonlinear distortions in analog links with fiber amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 11, pp. 7-15, Jan. 1993.
[75] J. Ohya, H. Sato, M. Mitsuda, T. Uno, and T. Fujita, “Second-order distortion of amplified intensity-modulated signals with chirping in erbium-doped fiber,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 13, pp. 2129-2135, Nov. 1995.
[76] C.-K. Liu, J.-J. Jou, and F.-S. Lai, “Second-order harmonic distortion and optimal fiber length in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 1412-1414, Dec. 1995.
[77] A. Yariv, Optical Electronics in Modern Communications, New York: Oxford, 1997.
[78] Y. Sun, A. M. Saleh, J. L. Zyskind, D. L. Wilson, A. K. Srivastsva, J. W. Sulhof, “Time dependent perturbation theory and tones in cascaded erbium-doped fiber amplifier systems,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 15, pp. 1083-1087, July 1997.
[79] F.-S. Lai, C.-K. Liu, and J.-J. Jou, “Analyses of distortions and cross modulations in erbium-doped fiber amplifiers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 545-547, May 1999.
[80] B. Clesca, P. Bousselet, and L. Hamon, “Second-order distortion improvements or degradations brought by erbium-doped fiber amplifiers in analog links using directly modulated lasers,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 5, pp. 1029-1031, Sept. 1993.
[81] A. M. Saleh, “Fundamental limit on number of channels in subcarrier -multiplexed lightwave CATV system,” Electron. Lett., vol. 25, pp. 776-777, June 1989.
[82] J. C. Palais, Fiber Optic Communications, New York: Prentice Hall 2000.
[83] A. J. Lowery, “New inline wideband dynamic semiconductor laser amplifier model,” IEE Proc., vol. 135, Pt. J, pp. 242-250, June 1988.
[84] A. J. Lowery, “A qualitative comparison between two semiconductor laser amplifier equivalent circuit models,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 26, pp. 1369-1375, Aug. 1990.
[85] C.-Y. J. Chu and H. Ghafouri-Shiraz, “Equivalent circuit theory of spontaneous emission power in semiconductor laser optical amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 12, pp. 760-767, May 1994.
[86] A. Sharaiha and M. Guegan, “Equivalent circuit model for multi-electrode semiconductor optical amplifiers and analysis of inline photodetection in bidirectional transmissions,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 18, pp. 700-707, May 2000.
[87] W. Chen, A. Wang, Y, Zhang, C. Liu, and S. Liu, “circuit model for traveling wave semiconductor laser amplifiers,” Solid State Electron., vol. 44, pp. 1009-1012, 2000.
[88] L. A. Coldren and S. W. Corzine, Diode Lasers and Photonic Integrated Circuit, New York: Wiley, 1995.
[89] K. Obermann, S. Kindt, D. Breuer, and K. Petermann, “Performance analysis of wavelength converters based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor -optical amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 78-85, Jan. 1998.
[90] J. Mork, A. Mecozzi, and G. Eisenstein, “The modulation response of a semiconductor laser amplifier,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 5, pp. 851-860, May/June 1999.
[91] M. J. Adams, J. V. Collins, and I. D. Henning, “Analysis of semiconductor laser optical amplifier,” IEE Proc., vol. 132, Pt. J, pp. 58-63, Feb. 1985.
[92] G. Lucovsky, R. F. Schwarz, and R. B. Emmons, “Transit-time considerations in PIN diodes,” J. Appl. Phys., vol. 35, pp. 622-628, Mar. 1964.
[93] J. E. Bowers and C. A. Burrus, “Ultrawide-band long-wavelength PIN photodetectors,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol.5, pp. 1339-1350, Oct. 1987.
[94] J. E. Bowers, C. A. Burrus, and R. J. Mccoy, “InGaAs PIN photodetectors with modulation response to millimeter wavelengths,” Electron. Lett., vol. 21, pp. 812-814, Aug. 1985.
[95] J. M. Zhang and D. R. Conn, “State-space modeling of the PIN photodetector,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 1831-1839, Aug. 1996.
[96] J. Lee, U.-C. Ryn, S. J. Ahn, and N. Park, “Enhancement of power conversion efficiency for an L-band EDFA with a secondary pumping effect in the unpumped EDF section,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 11, pp. 42-44, Jan. 1999.
[97] T.-C. Liang, Y.-K. Chen, J.-H. Su, W.-H. Tzeng, C. Hu, Y.-T. Lin, and Y.-C. Lai, “Optimum configuration and design of 1480-nm pumped L-band gain-flattened EDFA using conventional erbium-doped fiber,” Opt. Commun., vol. 183, pp. 51-63, Sept. 2000.
[98] B.-H. Choi, H.-H. Park, M. Chu, and S. K. Kim, “High-gain coefficient long-wavelength-band erbium-doped fiber amplifier using 1530-nm band pump,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 13, pp. 109-111, Feb. 2001.
[99] M. A. Mahdi, F. R. M. Adikan, P. Poopalan, S. Selvakennedy, and H. Ahmad, “Effects of signal on long-wavelength-band Er3+-doped fiber amplifier,” Opt. Eng., vol. 40, pp. 186-192, Feb. 2001.
[100] D. A. O. Davies, “Small-signal analysis of wavelength conversion in semiconductor laser amplifier via gain saturation,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 7, pp. 617-619, June 1995.
[101] T. Durhuus, B. Mikkelsen, C. Joergensen, S. L. Danielsen, and K. E. Stubkjaer, “All-optical wavelength conversion by semiconductor amplifiers,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 14, pp. 942-954, June 1996.
[102] D. Marcenac and A. Mecozzi, “Switches and frequency converters based on cross-gain modulation in semiconductor optical amplifier,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 749-751, June 1997.
[103] S. L. Danielsen, P. B. Hansen, and K. E. Stubkjaer, “Wavelength conversion in optical packet switching,” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 16, pp. 2095-2108, Dec. 1998.
[104] M. Y. Frankel, J. F. Whitaker, G. A. Mourou, “Optoelectronic transient characterization of ultrafast devices,” IEEE J. Quantum Electron., vol. 28, pp. 2313-2324, Oct. 1992.
[105] A. V. Krishnamoorthy and D. A. B. Miller, “Scalling optoelectronic-VLSI circuits into the 21st century: a technology roadmap,” IEEE J. Select. Topics Quantum Electron., vol. 2, pp. 55-76, Apr. 1996.
[106] T. Yoon and B. Jalali, “1Gbit/s fibre channel CMOS transimpedence amplifier,” Electron. Lett., vol. 33, pp. 588-589, Mar. 1997.
[107] L. P. Chen, M. Y. Li, C. J. Chang-Hasnain, and K. Y. Lau, “A low-power 1-Gb/s CMOS laser driver for a zero-bias modulated optical transmitter,” IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 9, pp. 997-999, June 1997.
[108] E. D. Kyriakis-Bitzaros, N. Haralabidis, M. Lagadas, A. Georgakilas, Y. Moisiadis, and G. Halkias, “Realistic end-to-end simulation of the optoelectronic links and comparison with the electrical interconnections for system-on-chip application” J. Lightwave Technol., vol. 19, pp. 1532-1542, Oct. 2001.