臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

背景：
足球運動為國際間發展蓬勃及風行的運動之一，其造就的運動魅力，吸引廣大球員與球迷，帶動的經濟效應也相當可觀。足球運動需要多元的運動能力應對瞬息萬變的賽事，運動傷害的盛行率也高於其他運動。因此，運動傷害的預防在各層級球隊訓練中，如何整合並行是首要目標。雖有不少研究指出下肢近端關節神經肌肉控制訓練能有效減少下肢非接觸性傷害發生，但對於其功能性的提升缺乏足夠的證據。此外，足部核心的概念，提供了下肢遠端關節核心控制訓練的新思維，如何應用複合式的訓練模式介入，並了解其各方面效應是非常重要的研究課題。
目的：
一、 探討青少年足球運動員，藉由下肢近端關節運動訓練結合足底核心肌群訓練後，對於敏捷與動態平衡功能性的效益。
二、 探討接受青少年足球運動員，在不同方式的介入之下，足部肌肉表徵的差異。
設計：

隨機化實驗控制組前後測設計（Randomized control-group pretest-posttest design）
方法：
實驗招募二十六名青少年足球隊隊員，使用隨機抽籤方式分組，近端關節活動訓練與近端關節訓練結合足底核心訓練兩組，共接受十二週運動訓練介入。所有實驗參與者在介入前後，皆進行功能性測試以及肌肉表徵評估。功能性測試包括敏捷測試以及動態平衡測試。


統計分析：
近端關節訓練結合足部核心訓練的研究中，訓練前測之組間各項參數比較，使用曼－惠特尼U考驗（Mann-Whitney U test），訓練前後測之組內各項參數比較，採用魏克生符號檢定（Wilcoxon signed-rank test），訓練後組間效果比較，採用重複測量變異數分析（ Repeated measure ANOVA）。
結果：
相較於單以近端關節訓練的受試者，下肢近端關節運動結合足底核心訓練組在十二週介入後能較為提升敏捷、動態平衡等功能性能力以及慣用腳足部內在肌肉截面積與厚度較為顯著。
結論
下肢近端關節運動結合足部核心運動相較單以近端關節活動訓練，較能影響慣用側足部內在肌群強化，並且經由近端關節結合足部核心之複合式的訓練方式，可能會影響動態平衡與敏捷能力的表現。

Background：
Football is one of the most vigorous and popular sports in the world. The majority of players and fans are enchanted with its charm. The economic effects football brings are also considerable. Football requires multiple sports abilities to cope with changing events， and the prevalence of sports injuries is higher than other sports. Therefore， how to prevent sports injuries of teams at all levels is the primary goal during the training secessions. The prevention need to be integrated and proceeded in parallel. Although many studies have pointed out that neuromuscular control training of proximal joint can effectively reduce the occurrence of injuries， there is insufficient evidence for its functional improvement. In addition， the concept of “Foot core system” may provide a new way of thinking about the training of distal joint control. Therefore， how to apply a new multimodal training model to intervene and understand its various effects could be an important research topic.

Purpose：
1. To explore the benefits that contributed to agility and dynamic balance for young football players， after training with combination of proximal joints and foot core muscle groups.
2. To investigate the differences in 12 weeks between muscle representations of young football players under different interventions

Design：
This study is an interventional pre-posttest control group design.

Methods：
The study recruited 26 young football team members and used random drawing to two groups： proximal joint activity training only group and proximal joint training combined with foot core training group. These members have received 12-weeks training intervention. All the participants were evaluated for functional ability and muscle characterization before and after intervention. Functional ability testing includes agile testing and dynamic balance testing.
Statistical analysis：
In the study on the training effect， Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences of variables between groups in the pre-intervention evaluation. Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to compare the differences of variables between pre-intervention and post-intervention evaluation in the both groups. Repeated measure ANOVA using the pre-intervention evaluation as the covariate was used for between-group comparisons. The statistically significant values

Result：
Compared to participants with only proximal joint exercise， participants with both proximal joint exercise and foot core exercise showed increased functional abilities such as agility and dynamic balance as well as the muscle cross sectional area and thickness on the right foot.

Conclusion
Lower extremity proximal joint exercise in conjunction with foot core exercise can better strengthen dominant legs’ internal muscle groups; as a consequence， training combining these two types of exercises eventually leads to better performance in terms of agility and dynamic balance

目錄
誌謝 I
中文摘要 III
Abstract V
目錄 VII
圖目錄 X
表目錄 XII
英文縮寫清單 XVI
第壹章 緒論 1
第一節、 研究背景 1
第二節、 研究動機 3
第三節、 研究目的 4
第貳章 文獻探討 5
第一節、 足球運動簡介 5
第二節、 足球運動的特性 7
第三節、 敏捷能力與足球運動 8
第四節、 平衡能力與足球運動 10
第五節、 足球運動傷害盛行率 12
第六節、 足球的運動傷害預防性訓練與風險評估 15
第七節、 近端關節與運動能力 18
第八節、 遠端關節足部核心肌群功能 21
第九節、 足部核心肌群訓練 24
第十節、 足底內在肌群與足部姿勢 26
第十一節、 足底內肌群的表面肌電圖 27
第十二節、 足底內肌群的超音波影像 28
第十三節、 實驗假設 30
第參章 研究方法 31
第一節、 研究設計 31
第二節、 研究對象 31
第三節、 實驗測量工具 33
3-3-1. 表面肌電圖 Surface electromyography （sEMG） 33
3-3-2. 超音波影像（Sonographic Imaging） 35
3-3-3. 足部姿勢指數（Foot Posture Index，FPI-6） 37
3-3-4. 星狀動態平衡測試（Star Excursion Balance Test， SEBT） 39
3-3-5. 伊利諾敏捷性測試（Illinois Agility Test，IAT） 41
3-3-6. 可調整式足底核心肌群訓練器 44
第四節、 實驗流程 46
第五節、 資料蒐集與分析 52
第六節、 統計方法 67
第肆章 資料分析與結果 68
第一節、 受試者基本資料分析 68
第二節、 足部姿勢測試結果分析 69
第三節、 足部核心肌群型態 73
第四節、 動態平衡測驗結果分析 105
第五節、 肌電訊號測驗結果分析 114
第六節、 敏捷測試（IAT）測試結果分析 146
第七節、 結果參數相關性分析 149
第伍章 討論 153
第一節、 下肢近端關節與下肢近端關節運動結合足部核心運動於足部肌群型態效應 154
第二節、 下肢近端關節與下肢近端關節運動結合足部核心運動於動態平衡之效應 157
第三節、 下肢近端關節與下肢近端關節運動結合足部核心運動敏捷能力之效應 159
第四節、 研究限制 161
第陸章 結論與建議 162
第一節、 研究結論 162
第二節、 未來研究建議 162
文獻參考 163
附錄一 研究計畫許可書 175
附錄二 研究計畫變更許可書-新增研究助理 176
附錄三 研究計畫變更許可書-計畫執行展延 177
附錄四 研究對象同意書 178
附錄五 〔足底核心肌群訓練器及訓練方法〕專利證書 183

 
圖目錄
圖 一 、敏捷能力的組成 9
圖 二、動態/多因素的運動傷害病因模組 14
圖 三、 FIFA 11+ ： FIFA 11+傷害預防計劃 17
圖 四、以髖關節為中心的近端關節運動發展 19
圖 五、FIFA 11+傷害預防計畫動作指南 20
圖 六、足部核心系統概念。 22
圖 七、足底核心主動系統。 23
圖 八、短足活動（SHORT FOOT MANOEUVRE） 25
圖 九、實驗假說與檢測。 30
圖 十、無線肌電加速訊號擷取分析儀 34
圖 十一、超音波診斷系統 36
圖 十二、足部姿勢指數 38
圖 十三、星狀動態平衡測試（SEBT）動作方向與定義 40
圖 十四、星狀動態平衡測試（SEBT）示意圖 40
圖 十五、伊利諾敏捷性測試（IAT）場地與測試路線與紅外線計時器設置示意圖 42
圖 十六、S-001單人訓練雷射計時器組。 43
圖 十七、單人訓練雷射計時器組作動示意圖 43
圖 十八、可調式足底核心訓練器 44
圖 十九、可調式足底核心訓練器使用示意圖。 45
圖 二十、實驗流程圖 46
圖 二十一、實驗檢測順序。 47
圖 二十二、可調式足底核心訓練器使用示意圖。 51
圖 二十三、肌電圖感測器設置位置。 53
圖 二十四、表面肌電圖實驗流程. 54
圖 二十五、Y-BALANCE TEST （YBT）動態平衡測試，動作方向與定義。 56
圖 二十六、Y BALANCE TEST 動態平衡測試測量足部肌電活性示意圖。 56
圖 二十七、足底壓力配置示意圖。 57
圖 二十八、足壓訊號及肌電訊號關係圖。 58
圖 二十九、肌肉截面積超音波影像。 61
圖 三十、肌肉厚度與彈性超音波影像。 62
圖 三十一、利諾伊州敏捷性測試（IAT）設備架設示意圖。 64
圖 三十二、 SEBT動態平衡測試測試動作 66
圖 三十三、兩組FPI-6介入前後測比較 70
圖 三十四、PFE與PE兩組足部CSA介入前後測比較 78
圖 三十五、PFE組左右足部內外肌群，介入前後分組比較圖 86
圖 三十六、PE組左右足部內外肌群，介入前後分組比較圖 89
圖 三十七、PFE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均剛性前後測分組比較圖 97
圖 三十八、PE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均剛性前後測分組比較圖 100
圖 三十九、PFE組SEBT平均各向標準化值成績雷達圖 108
圖 四十、PE組SEBT各向標準化值平均成績雷達圖 111
圖 四十一、PFE組YBT雙側及各向足部肌群肌電活性前後測分組比對圖 121
圖 四十二、PE組YBT雙側及各向足部肌群肌電活性前後測分組比對圖 128
圖 四十三、PFE組與PE組Y-BALANCE各方向足部內外肌群肌電活性指數前後測分組比對圖。 131
圖 四十四、兩組訓練後IAT測試比較。 147
圖 四十五、實驗結果關係圖 153
 
表目錄
表 一、IAT評分標準，測試目標為16至19歲(ROOZEN, 2004)。 42
表 二、受試者基本資料分析 68
表 三、實驗組PFE與控制組PE介入前後FPI-6評估 69
表 四、兩組受試者訓練後FPI-R組內對比的檢定 71
表 五、兩組受試者PFI-R組間效應項的檢定 71
表 六、兩組受試者訓練後FPI-L組內對比的檢定 72
表 七、兩組受試者訓練後PFI-L組間效應項的檢定 72
表 八、PFE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉截面積（CSA）評估 74
表 九 、PFE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉截面積（CSA）評估 75
表 十、PE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉截面積（CSA）評估 76
表 十一、PE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉截面積（CSA）評估 77
表 十二、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群CSA組內對比的檢定 79
表 十三、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群CSA組間效應項的檢定 80
表 十四、兩組受試者訓練左側足部肌群CSA組內對比的檢定 81
表 十五、兩組受試者訓練後左側足部肌群CSA組間效應項的檢定 82
表 十六 PEE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均厚度描述及組內效應 84
表 十七、PFE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉平均厚度描述及組內效應 85
表 十八 、PE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均厚度描述及組內效應 87
表 十九 、FE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉平均厚度描述及組內效應 88
表 二十、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群肌肉厚度組內對比的檢定 90
表 二十一、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群肌肉厚度組間效應項的檢定 91
表 二十二、兩組受試者訓練後左側足部肌群肌肉厚度組內對比的檢定 92
表 二十三、兩組受試者訓練後左側足部肌群肌肉厚度組間效應項的檢定 93
表 二十四、PFE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均剛性描述及組內效應 95
表 二十五、PFE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉平均剛性描述及組內效應 96
表 二十六、PE組訓練前後右側足部肌肉平均剛性描述及組內效應 98
表 二十七 、PE組訓練前後左側足部肌肉平均剛性描述及組內效應 99
表 二十八、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群SWE組內對比的檢定 101
表 二十九、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群SWE組間效應項的檢定 102
表 三十、兩組受試者訓練左側足部肌群SWE組內對比的檢定 103
表 三十一、兩組受試者訓練後左側足部肌SWE組間效應項的檢定 104
表 三十二 PFE組右腳SEBT動態平衡測試前後測評估 106
表 三十三、PFE組左腳SEBT動態平衡測試前後測評估 107
表 三十四 、PE組右腳SEBT動態平衡測試前後測評估 109
表 三十五、PE組左腳SEBT動態平衡測試前後測評估 110
表 三十六、兩組受試者訓練後右側SEBT總分組內對比的檢定 112
表 三十七、兩組受試者訓練後右側SEBT總分組間效應項對比檢定 112
表 三十八、兩組受試者訓練後SEBT左側總分組內對比的檢定 113
表 三十九、兩組受試者訓練後左側SEBT總分組間效應項對比檢定 113
表 四十 、PFE組Y-BALANCE（R-A）足部肌群活性描述與組內效應 115
表 四十一 PFE組Y-BALANCE（R-PM）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 116
表 四十二 PFE組Y-BALANCE（R-PL）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 117
表 四十三 PFE組Y-BALANCE（L-A）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 118
表 四十四 、PFE組Y-BALANCE（L-PM）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 119
表 四十五、 PFE組Y-BALANCE（L-PL）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 120
表 四十六、 PE組Y-BALANCE（R-A）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 122
表 四十七、 PE組Y-BALANCE（R-PM）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 123
表 四十八 、 PE組Y-BALANCE（R-PL）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 124
表 四十九 、 PE組Y-BALANCE（L-A）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 125
表 五十、 PE組Y-BALANCE（L-PM）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 126
表 五十一、 PE組Y-BALANCE（L-PL）足部肌群肌電活性描述與組內效應 127
表 五十二 PFE組YBT-INDEX各方向足部內外肌群肌電活性指數與組內效應 129
表 五十三 PE組YBT-INDEX各方向足部內外肌群肌電活性指數與組內效應 130
表 五十四、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-A）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 132
表 五十五、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-A）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 133
表 五十六、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-PM）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 134
表 五十七、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-PM）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 135
表 五十八、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-PL）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 136
表 五十九、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（R-PL）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 137
表 六十、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-A）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 138
表 六十一、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-A）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 139
表 六十二、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-PM）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 140
表 六十三、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-PM）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 141
表 六十四、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-PL）足部肌群肌電活性組內對比的檢定 142
表 六十五、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT（L-PL）足部肌群肌電活性組間效應項的檢定 143
表 六十六、兩組受試者訓練後右側足部肌群YBT-INDEX組內對比的檢定 144
表 六十七、兩組受試者訓練後左右兩側YBT-INDEX組間效應項的檢定 145
表 六十八、PFE組與PE組介入前後IAT測驗 146
表 六十九、兩組受試者訓練後IAT組內對比的檢定 148
表 七十、兩組受試者IAT組間效應項的檢定 148
表 七十一、PFE組肌肉截面積CSA與FPI及SEBT動態平衡之相關性 150
表 七十二、PE組肌肉截面積CSA與FPI及SEBT動態平衡之相關性 150
表 七十三、PFE肌肉剛性SWE與FPI及SEBT動態平衡之相關性 151
表 七十四、PE組肌肉剛性SWE與FPI及SEBT動態平衡之相關性 151
表 七十五、 PFE組IAT敏捷能力與SEBT動態平衡之相關性 152
表 七十六、PE組IAT敏捷能力與SEBT動態平衡之相關性 152

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