臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

時至今日，裝設錄影監視系統已是世界各國為維護治安所採取較為普遍的方式之ㄧ。錄影監視系統因媒體的過度宣染，看起來很「神」，屢破大案，但事實上，評估發現在預防犯罪方面，犯罪發生率雖有明顯降低，亦獲得預期成效，但在偵查犯罪方面，除幾件社會矚目重大案件外，破獲率很低，其原因除人為因素外，系統方面在實施過程中亦遭遇許多執行上的瓶頸。本研究旨在透過訪談警察派出所所長與里長，以評估裝設錄影監視系統在「實施過程」中所面臨的問題及「偵防效果」上各面向的影響。本研究評估後分為政策面、執行面及法律面，一一加以探討後提出建議，希將警察推動裝設錄影監視系統所帶來的負面影響降至最低，以期發揮錄影監視系統之最大效能，確實達到協助維護治安之目的。
本研究以臺北市為例，一方面蒐集官方資料，另一方面以半結構式訪談4位派出所所長與4位里長，全部資料於2006年10月蒐集完畢。經資料分析，本研究在裝設錄影監視系統「實施過程」中發現問題如下：
一、「裝設經費不足」：在派出所方面因經費來自市府預算不成問題，但里辦公處
則是利用里建設經費或回饋金或里長自行籌資，沒有法定預算足資運用。
二、「維修管理困難」：專人管理及維修經費不足或缺乏，常衍生怨懟。
三、錄影監視系統所帶來的負面影響：
（一）「線路附掛問題」：線路無論行走地下水道或路燈桿，都會遭致相關單位剪線危機，但改以行走住戶牆壁，則須取得所有權人同意，頗為困擾。
（二）「纜線鏡頭影響市容觀瞻」：全市由於幾萬具監視器，纜線、鏡頭到處橫掛、林立，有礙市容觀瞻。
（三）「民眾申請調閱問題」：里辦公處未依規定辦理調閱，容易衍生糾紛。
（四）「不當使用問題」：里辦公處對自己里民調閱採較寬鬆態度，容有洩密之虞。
（五）「法令問題」：中央應訂定全國一致遵循的錄影監視系統設置管理辦法，不宜由各縣市自訂。另「臺北市錄影監視系統設置管理暫行辦法」第9、14、15條規定不盡合理，有修訂之必要。
（六）「侵犯隱私權」：大部分派出所所長及里長均認為錄影監視系統沒有侵犯民眾隱私權之虞。
另在「偵防效果」上，亦發現以下幾個面向問題：
一、錄影監視系統對預防犯罪之影響：比較裝設錄影監視系統前後刑案發生數，裝設後刑案發生數約略減少2分之1至3分之1。
二、錄影監視系統對犯罪熱點的影響：依地區生態不同，都會區未發生犯罪轉移現象，郊區則有發生犯罪轉移現象；而利益擴散無論郊區或都會區則均未見。
三、錄影監視系統對偵查犯罪之影響：派出所或里辦公處，經由調閱錄影監視系統而破獲的刑案或為民服務案件，1年平均不過2至3件，破獲率非常低。
四、錄影監視系統對民眾生活的影響：咸認裝設錄影監視系統能帶給民眾安全感而降低被害風險。
五、錄影監視系統在犯罪預防與偵查效果認知的程度：大都認為預防效果大於偵查；而初期效果比較好，但經過一段時間，效力便會減弱。
六、建議或其他看法：採購品質好的錄影設備、利用無線傳輸、編列或增加裝設及維修經費；另大部分里長建議錄影監視系統應移給警察單位管理為宜。
綜上，本研究分為政策面、執行面及法制面提出建議如下：
一、政策面：建議中央應作系統整合，整合既有民政、社政與警政設置之錄影監視系統的管理、維護及檔案資料運用、管制，做全盤性規劃。
二、執行面：
（一）經費方面：無論是警察局或民政局，理各循行政體系規劃編列裝設及維修預算經費，或以成立共同基金方式，妥適運用支應。
（二）維修管理方面：以6年為基準適時的淘汰或視本府財政狀況予以更新。同時並建議成立市府「錄影監視系統管理考核委員會」，針對設置地點的必要性詳加審查、管理與輔導考核。
（三）品質方面：建議採行網路、微波或衛星傳送，並採隱藏式鏡頭裝置，不但影像解析度較高，且亦可避免因訊號纜線、攝影機鏡頭裝置等影響市容觀瞻。
（四）提升破獲率方面：除系統本身因品質不佳因素外，尚有人為因素，導致破獲率低，建議如下：
1.建置電子地圖，節省同仁調閱困難。
2.中央應儘速建置「嫌犯影像搜尋資料庫」。
3.轄區分局對犯嫌影像加強宣導作為。
4.派出所應提升專業能力。
5.持續加強宣導錄影監視系統功能。
6.怯除同仁敷衍心態，勇於任事。
三、法制面
（一）制法：由中央訂定專法，舉凡管理權責、標的範圍、設置程序、主管機關查核、調閱、檔案保存期限等事宜，訂定相關規定，一體遵行，
（二）修法：「臺北市錄影監視系統設置管理暫行辦法」第9條有關「里長卸任時交接規定」、第14條「調閱規定」及第15條「保存期限規定」等不盡合理，建議於修訂時能做更合理的規範。
關鍵字：錄影監視系統、監視社會、監視器、隱私權。

Abstract
In this day and time, installing surveillance camera systems has become one of the common means widely adopted by world countries for law enforcement. Though seem magical the surveillance camera systems are in leading to cracking down numerous cases as exaggerated by the media, in fact assessments found that in crime prevention, the crime occurring rates might have been reduced ominously to derived the anticipated yield, yet in crime investigation, the crime busting ratios remain low if not for the small number of headlight-grabbing cases. The probable causes of which, except the human factor, point to several implementation bottleneck in the implementation process of the systems. The study aims to evaluate problems that surfaced during the surveillance camera system’s implementation process, and the impact of various tendencies in the investigation and prevention yield through interviewing the police precincts and Li magistrates. The study, upon undergoing evaluation, moves to explore the policy aspect, execution aspect, and legal aspect before recapping the thesis with recommendations, anticipating to reducing the negative impact in the police’s promotion of installing surveillance camera systems to a minimum level, and excelling the surveillance camera systems with a maximum yield that would help to achieve the ultimate objecive of facilitating security law enforcement.
The issues the study uncovers in the implementation process of installing surveillance camera systems are as follows,
I. Insufficient installation funding: On the precinct level, there is relatively fewer problem that that the funding comes from the municipal government budgets; however, on the Li administration office level, there is no legally designated budget funding that could be utilized except either deriving from the Li development funding, or through funding the Li magistrate raises.
II. Difficulties in repair management: The deficiency or absence of management by designated personnel and/or repair funding can often lead to complaints and nonperformance.
III. The negative impact brought by the surveillance camera systems:
(I) The wire anchoring issue: The wire way, either anchored through the drainage way or lamp pole, is at risk of being cut off by relevant maintenance units, whereas anchoring the wires through a building occupant’s walls remains cumbersome for having to obtain the building owner’s consent.
(II) The cable wire and camera lens stand to impair the cityscape: The tens of thousands of monitors, cable wires, lenses strapped and mounted across the city would poise to hinder the cityscape.
(III) The issue pertaining to the public’s request for tape perusal: The Li administration office’s failure to file for tape dispatching as regulated is prone to lead to disputes.
(IV) The issue of improper use: The Li administration office’s lenient approach to tape dispatch by Li residents is prone to lead to breaching confidentiality.
(V) Legal and regulatory issues: It is prudent for the central government to promulgate a consistent statewide surveillance camera system launching management measure, rather than leaving it to the hands of the county, municipal administrations. In addition, the provisions set forth under Articles 9, 14 and 15 of the “Taipei Municipal Surveillance Camera System Launching Management Interim Measure” are deemed not exactly rational to warrant the need for amendment.
(VI) Infringing the rights to privacy: A majority of precinct directors and Li magistrates have all reckoned that surveillance camera systems are not at risk of jeopardizing the public’s rights to privacy.
Also in terms of surveillance effect, a few tendency problems have also been found as follows,
I. The impact of surveillance camera systems toward crime prevention: To compare the number of criminal cases occurred before and after installing a surveillance camera system, the number of criminal cases occurred after installing the system has reduced slightly by one-half to one-third.
II. The impact of surveillance camera systems toward crime hot spots: As varied by the regional topography, no crime shifting phenomenon has been reported in urban areas, while crime shifting phenomenon has been found in suburban areas; nevertheless, the benefit diffusion has not been found either in suburban or urban areas.
III. The impact of surveillance camera systems toward crime investigation: The number of criminal cases or public service cases solved as derived from the precinct or a Li administration office’s dispatching the tape from a surveillance camera system averages to a mere two to three cases per year, making the case busting ratios to be exceedingly low.
IV. The impact of surveillance camera systems to the lives of the public: The general consensus reckons installing surveillance camera systems serves to bring the public a sense of security, thus reduces the risks of being victimized.
V. The level of awareness toward surveillance camera systems in relation to crime prevention and surveillance performance: A majority of people reckon that prevention performance to outweigh crime investigation, and that the initial results are better, but the dynamics tend to decline after a period of time.
VI. Recommendations or other viewpoints: Purchasing better quality video recording equipment, adopting wireless transmission, allocating or reallocating the installation and repair funding; also a majority of the Li magistrates recommend that it is best to revamp the surveillance video systems under police administration.
In recapping the above, the study presents recommendations focusing on the policy aspect, execution aspect and legal aspect as follows,
I. Policy aspects: It is recommendable that the central government needs to streamline the systems, and integrate the management, repair, and file data utilization and control of existing surveillance camera systems set up by civilian watch, social administration and police administration in a comprehensive development.
II. Execution aspects:
(I) Budgeting aspect: Either by the police administration, or civil administration, it is prudent to allocate the installation and management budget funding by following the appropriate administration system, or heeding to introducing a mutual funding method, which will address an adequate utilization expenditure scheme.
(II) Repair and management aspect: The systems need to be replaced heeding to a six-year timeframe, or be updated depending on the municipal finances. In the meantime, it is also advisable for the municipal government to launch a municipal “Surveillance camera system management audit council” for conducting detailed audit on the necessity of installation locales, and in management and developmental audits.
(III) Quality aspect: It is advisable to adopt Internet, shortwave or satellite transmission, together with using concealed camera lens device, that not only helps to provide a higher image resolution, but also helps to avoid hindering the cityscape with unsightly signal cables, camera lens devices and so forth.
(IV) Crime busting improvement aspect: Besides the system being hindered by the poor quality factor, there are also human factor that leads to a low crackdown rate, which is recommended as follows,
1. Instilling an electronic map system that would facilitate the associates to navigate through the difficulties of tape dispatching.
2. The central government needs to expeditiously instill a “Crime suspect image search database”.
3. The district police station needs to step up campaigning the crime suspects’ image.
4. The precincts need to improve their professional competency.
5. Steadfastly campaigning for the functions of the surveillance camera systems.
6. Mitigating the associates’ getting-by mindset, and be bold in serving their duties.
III. Legal aspect:
(I) Legislation: It is prudent for the central government to enact a designated legislation by defining relevant stipulations governing management responsibilities, premises of legislation, launching procedure, audits by competent government agency, perusal dispatching, file retention period and such that would provide a set of universal guidelines for implementation and adherence.
(II) Legislative amendment: In the “Taipei Municipal Surveillance Camera System Launching Management Interim Measure”, as Article 9 governing the Li magistrate’s job handover stipulations, Article 14 governing the tape perusal dispatch stipulations, and Article 15 governing the retention period stipulations are deemed not exactly rational, it is recommendable that more rational guidelines can be derived in legislative amendment.

目錄
第一章 緒論 1
第一節 研究動機與目的 1
第二節 研究範圍 3
第三節 重要名詞解釋 4
第二章 文獻探討 5
第一節 錄影監視系統設置緣起及國內外設置情形 5
第二節 中英兩國裝設錄影監視系統之比較分析 13
第三節 錄影監視系統與隱私權爭議 16
第四節 錄影監視系統參與犯罪偵防之相關理論基礎 21
第五節 英國實證研究及探討 27
第六節 小結 30
第三章 研究設計與流程 32
第一節 研究架構 32
第二節 研究方法及工具 33
第三節 資料處理與分析 38
第四章 評估結果與分析 38
第一節 訪談發現與分析 38
第二節 官方資料統計分析 67
第三節 小結 80
第五章 結論與建議 81
第一節 結論 81
第二節 建議 84
參考文獻
附錄一 臺北市錄影監視系統設置管理暫行辦法
附錄二 臺北市議員賴素如研究室新聞稿
附錄三 臺北市政府警察局 分局錄影監視系統設置申請書
附錄四 臺北市政府警察局 分局錄影監視系統設置辦理會勘紀錄
附錄五 臺北市政府警察局 分局錄影監視系統影音檔案調閱申請書
附錄六 臺北市政府及所屬各機關學校處理閱卷作業要點
附錄七 臺北市錄影監視系統設置管理暫行辦法受理申請設置流程圖

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