臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究利用衛星資料探討黃海區域在1996至2003年期間海表溫及風場季節與跨年變化，就海表溫而言，冬季海表溫低且空間變化大，顯著特徵為濟州島西南側暖流水進入黃海；夏季海表溫高但於黃海西部鄰近朝鮮半島處有帶狀低溫區分布。黃海風場主要變化為季風型態，冬季為偏北風，夏季為偏南風，冬季風速較夏季大。在海表溫跨年變化中，海表溫異常最高正值發生在1998年6月，較1997、1998聖嬰事件晚。在風速跨年變化中，1998冬季風速較其它年低。海表溫經驗正交函數第一主成分變異量達98.2％，突顯黃海海溫具冬季低夏季高的季節變化。去除空間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分變異量佔78.3％，反映黃海海溫冬季受流場影響的分布情形。去除時間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分變異量達95.2％，說明黃海在沿岸與深水海溫在冬、夏季變化明顯。複數經驗正交函數顯示夏季海溫主要是由黃海東南區向西北方向傳遞，冬季則相反。海溫異常值經驗正交函數第一主成分變異量佔43.7％，在1997、1998聖嬰事件中，此區海溫具正的異常值特性。風速及其異常值經驗正交函數，顯示黃海風場是季風型態，但受外在因素的影響 (如：聖嬰事件、大氣環流變化)，當地風場會發生改變。冬季在強偏北風作用下，仍有暖流進入黃海，其機制可能是受風應力旋度場影響，造成區域性反氣旋式環流效應，間接將暖流帶入黃海。

The purpose of this thesis is using satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface wind data to investigate their variations in the Yellow Sea during the period from 1996 to 2003. The variation of the SST in the Yellow Sea is mainly seasonal. It is much lower and spatially non-homogeneous in winter than that in summer. A significant SST feature in winter is the Yellow Sea warm current, which is from the southwest side of Che-Ju Island. In summer, SST is warm except a cold water band distributed on the western Yellow Sea near the Korea Peninsula. The sea surface wind variation in the Yellow Sea is also seasonal. It is northerly in winter and southerly in summer. Wind speed in winter is higher than that in summer. In interannual scale, the highest SST anomaly temperature happened in June 1997, it seems to happen later than the onset of the El Niño. The wind speed shows lower value in 1997 and 1998 winter than the other years. The first SST empirical orthogonal function (EOF) mode, accounting for 98.2％ of total variance, indicates again that low SST in winter and high SST in summer. The first spatial-demeaned EOF of SST, accounting for 78.3％ in total variance, reveals mainly the sea surface circulation in winter. The first temporal-demeaned EOF of SST, containing 95.2％ of total variance, shows clear SST variations in summer and winter, especially at coastal and deep water. Complex EOF mode 1 of SST reveals the SST patterns in the Yellow Sea mainly from southeast to northwest in summer. The first SST anomaly EOF, containing 43.7％ of total variance, reveals a positive temperature anomaly during the 1997-1998 El Niño period. The wind speed and its anomaly EOFs show the variation of the monsoon patterns, which maybe affected by the influence of external factors (such as El Niño or atmospheric circulation). From the wind stress curl computation, it is suggested that the wind-induced anticyclonic sea surface circulation seems to be the reason to push the warm current into the Yellow Sea from south during the strong northerly monsoon season.

謝辭..................................................I
中文摘要..............................................II
英文摘要..............................................III
目錄..................................................V
表目錄................................................VII
圖目錄................................................VIII
第一章、前言..........................................1
1.1 研究動機.........................................1
1.2 研究目的.........................................1
1.3 文獻回顧.........................................2
1.4 研究區域概述.....................................3
1.4.1 風.............................................3
1.4.2 流場...........................................3
1.4.3 潮.............................................4
1.4.4 海表溫.........................................4
1.4.5 鹽度...........................................5
第二章、資料與研究方法................................6
2.1 研究資料.........................................6
2.1.1 海表溫度.......................................6
2.1.2 風.............................................6
2.1.3 Niño 3.4指標...................................7
2.2 研究方法.........................................7
第三章、結果與討論....................................11
3.1 海表溫...........................................11
3.1.1 各月平均海表溫分布情形.........................11
3.1.2 全區平均海表溫與異常值隨時間變化...............13
3.1.3 海表溫經驗正交函數分析.........................14
3.1.4 海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數分析.............16
3.1.5 海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數分析.............17
3.1.6 海表溫複數經驗正交函數分析.....................20
3.1.7 海表溫異常值經驗正交函數分析...................20
3.2 風場.............................................23
3.2.1 各月平均風速變化...............................23
3.2.2 全區平均風速與異常值隨時間變化.................24
3.2.3 風速經驗正交函數分析...........................24
3.2.4 風速異常值經驗正交函數分析.....................26
3.3 冬季風場與黃海暖流關係...........................27
第四章、總結與展望....................................29
4.1 總結.............................................29
4.1.1 海表溫.........................................29
4.1.2 風場...........................................30
4.1.3 冬季風場與海溫場關係...........................31
4.2 展望.............................................31
參考文獻..............................................32
表....................................................38
圖....................................................40

表目錄
表3.1：海表溫經驗正交函數分析主成分佔總變異量比值.....38
表3.2：海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數分析主成分
佔總變異量比值.................................38
表3.3：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數分析主成分
佔總變異量比值.................................38
表3.4：海表溫異常值經驗正交函數分析主成分
佔總變異量比值.................................38
表3.5：風速經驗正交函數分析主成分佔總變異量比值.......39

圖目錄
圖1.1：研究區域.......................................40
圖1.2(a)：黃、東海冬季流場............................41
圖1.2(b)：黃、東海夏季流場............................41
圖2：Niño 3.4指標.....................................42
圖3.1：1996~2003 年各月平均海表溫.....................43
圖3.2：1996~2003 年8月平均海表溫......................46
圖3.3(a)：月平均海表溫時間序列........................47
圖3.3(b)：月平均海表溫標準差..........................47
圖3.3(c)：月平均海表溫異常值時間序列..................47
圖3.4(a)：海表溫經驗正交函數第一主成分空間分布型態....48
圖3.4(b)：海表溫經驗正交函數第一主成分時間振幅........48
圖3.5(a)：海表溫經驗正交函數第二主成分空間分布型態....49
圖3.5(b)：海表溫經驗正交函數第二主成分時間振幅........49
圖3.6(a)：海表溫經驗正交函數第三主成分空間分布型態....50
圖3.6(b)：海表溫經驗正交函數第三主成分時間振幅........50
圖3.7(a)：海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分
空間分布型態................................51
圖3.7(b)：海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分
時間振幅....................................51
圖3.8(a)：海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數第二主成分
空間分布型態................................52
圖3.8(b)：海表溫去除空間平均經驗正交函數第二主成分
時間振幅....................................52
圖3.9(a)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分
空間分布型..................................53
圖3.9(b)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第一主成分
時間振幅....................................53
圖3.10(a)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第二主成分
空間分布型.................................54
圖3.10(b)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第二主成分
時間振幅...................................54
圖3.11(a)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第三主成分
空間分布型態...............................55
圖3.11(b)：海表溫去除時間平均經驗正交函數第三主成分
時間振幅...................................55
圖3.12(a)：海表溫複數經驗正交函數第一主成分
空間分布型態...............................56
圖3.12(b)：海表溫複數經驗正交函數第一主成分
時間振幅...................................56
圖3.12(c)：海表溫複數經驗正交函數第一主成分
空間分布相位...............................57
圖3.12(d)：海表溫複數經驗正交函數第一主成分
時間相位...................................57
圖3.13(a)：海表溫異常值經驗正交函數第一主成分
空間分布型態...............................58
圖3.13(b)：海表溫異常值經驗正交函數第一主成分
時間振幅...................................58
圖3.14(a)：海表溫異常值經驗正交函數第二主成分
空間分布型態...............................59
圖3.14(b)：海表溫異常值經驗正交函數第二主成分
時間振幅...................................59
圖3.15(a)：經度124 度緯向海表溫分布...................60
圖3.15(b)：緯度33.5度經向海表溫分布...................60
圖3.16：1996~2003 年各月平均風速......................61
圖3.17(a)：月平均風速時間序列.........................64
圖3.17(b)：月平均風速異常值時間序列...................64
圖3.18(a)：風速經驗正交函數第一主成分空間分布型態.....65
圖3.18(b)：風速經驗正交函數第一主成分時間振幅.........65
圖3.19(a)：風速經驗正交函數第二主成分空間分布型態.....66
圖3.19(b)：風速經驗正交函數第二主成分時間振幅.........66
圖3.20(a)：風速經驗正交函數第三主成分空間分布型態.....67
圖3.20(b)：風速經驗正交函數第三主成分時間振幅.........67
圖3.21(a)：風速異常值經驗正交函數第一主成分空間分布型態68
圖3.21(b)：風速異常值經驗正交函數第一主成分時間振幅...68
圖3.22：1996~2003年1~3月月平均風應力旋度場............69

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