臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究作者關注於中國大陸現代化開始的起點。作者認為近代中國大陸的軍事現代化的起始於第一次鴉片戰爭。此次戰事的失敗啟發了中國政治家和學者們對於過去錯誤的省思。中國大陸藉由瞭解西方現代化的經驗開始著手研究學習西方國家的發明。故此中國的現代化時期起始於軍事方面。軍事現代化僅僅只是中國現代化的啟始階段而已，隨之其現代化的腳步蔓延至中國其他的面向。
這份研究包含了1861-1895年中中國現代化的進程。作者想點出中國與西方現代化勢力的第一次接觸和其造成之影響。 作者的關注的焦點人物是李鴻章，其生平事蹟和影響在中國軍事現代化時期具有關鍵重要性。
作者聚焦於中國許多不同面向且深入發掘其歷史。內容包含許多重大歷史事件、關鍵人物、叛亂、和中國當時的國際關係等，作者將該些事件以歷史編年順序呈現以幫助讀者瞭解此研究。為了瞭解中國的現代化歷史進程，作者相信鴉片戰爭和自強運動是很好的著手點。對於此時期的瞭解將有助於窺探中國現代歷史後續的事件和關鍵人物的發

The author of this study has an idea of starting point in China’s modernization period. The author considers the starting point of the Military Modernization in China’s modern history is First Opium War. The big defeat in the war led the Chinese politicians and scholars to think about the mistakes in the past. With the understanding of Modernization experience in the West, China has begun to research and get more information from the Western countries about their learning. As a result of that China’s modernization period started in military field at first. The military modernization was just the beginning phase of Modernization period in China. The Modernization period began with military and that showed its effects in other parts and institutions of China.
This study covers the 1861-1895 years of China’s modernization steps. The author just wants to point out China’s first big encounter with the Western force and its effect on China. The author’s key figure is Li Hong Zhang, Li Hong Zhang’s life time, achievements and impact has a big importance in China’s military modernization period.
The author focuses many different parts of the China and digs out different points from her history. The incidents, important key figures, rebellions, international relations of China and etc... The incidents were set up by author with an historical order and this makes the study fluent for readers. The author thinks that in order to understand China’s modern history, the Opium Wars and Self-Strengthening Movement would be the good starting points. The understanding of this period will open the doors of upcoming incidents and key figures in Chinese modern history.

CONTENTS
Acknowledgments A
Abstract I
Contents II

Chapter One: Introduction
1.1 Purpose 1
1.2 Methodology 5
1.3 Structure 7
1.4 Problems and Limitations 9
1.5 Literature Review 10
1.6 Motivation 12

Chapter Two: Background of Self-Strengthening Movement 14
2.1 Weakness of China and Foreign Interest 18
2.1.1 Foreigners in Borders 20
2.1.2 First Challenge Against the West 29
2.2 China’s Social and Economic Environment in the Beginning of 19th Century 31
2.2.1 Qing Society in 19th Century 34
2.2.2 Qing Economy in 19th Century 39
2.2.3 Qing Administration 41
2.3 East India Company and English Trade in China During 1800’s 46
2.3.1 Opium and Lin Ze Xu 48
2.3.2 The Precautions in Canton Region 51
2.4 Declaration of the First Opium War, Nanjing Treaty and Aftermath 54
2.4.1 Treaty of Nanjing (1842) and Aftermath 55

Chapter Three: Self-Strengthening Movement 1861–1895 61
3.1. Self-Strengthening Movement and Empress Dowager Cixi’s Effect on the Movement 62
3.1.1 Empress Dowager Cixi’s Effect on the Movement 65
3.2 First Steps and Military Establishments during the Movement 71
3.2.1 First Military Establishments 74
3.2.2 Some Important Military Units, Arsenals and Dockyards during the Movement 78
3.3 The Shanghai Jiangnan Arsenal 80
3.3.1 Shipbuilding in the Jiangnan Arsenal 81
3.4. The Fuzhou Navy Yard 85
3.5. Hanyang Arsenal 93
3.5.1 Establishment of Hanyang Arsenal 95
3.6 Chinese Maritime Customs Service 97
3.7 The First Impact of Military Modernization in Chinese Society 100
3.8 Foreigner’s Role in Military Modernization 111
3.8.1 Some Important Foreigners during Military Modernization 113
3.8.1.1 Léonce Verny (December 2, 1837-May 2, 1908 113
3.8.1.2 Prosper Giquel (1835-1886 115
3.8.1.3 Sir Robert Hart (20 February 1835 – 20 September 1911 117
3.8.1.4 Horatio Nelson Lay (1832 –May 4, 1898 121
3.8.1.5 Thomas Francis Wade (25 August 1818 – 31 July 1895 123
3.9 China’s New Modernized Army during the Movement 125
3.9.1 Beiyang Army 128
3.9.2 Beiyang Fleet 130
3.9.3 Guangdong Fleet 133
3.9.4 Fujian Fleet 134
3.9.5 Nanyang Fleet 135
3.10 Remarks 136

Chapter Four: Li Hong Zhang and His Role in Self Strengthening Movement 141
4.1 Li Hong Zhang’s Life 143
4.2 His Role in Self-Strengthening Movement and Military Modernization 147
4.2.1 Chinese Maritime Customs and Li Hong Zhang’s Role 148
4.2.2 Patriotism: Li Hong Zhang and the Foreign Threat 149
4.2.3 Li Hong Zhang’s Germany Visit and Policy 153
4.2.4 Li Hong Zhang’s United Kingdom Visit and Policy 157
4.2.5 Business Institutions in 19th Century in China and Li Hong Zhang’s Role 175
4.2.6 Li Hong Zhang and the other Reformist Leaders 176
4.2.7 Peking Syndicate, The Rothschild Archive, Li and the Role of Angelo L. 185
4.3 Remarks 196

Chapter Five: Aftermath of the Self-Strengthening Movement and Military Modernization 198
5.1 Discussion of Success and Fail in the Self Strengthening Movement 199
5.2 The Opinions of the Other China Studies’ Researchers 201
5.3 Chronology of Modern China and West (1583–2000) 208

Chapter Six: Conclusion 210
Annex 215
Bibliography 223

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