臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

人工濕地是一種對環境友善且經濟的廢水處理技術。大鵬灣國家風景區管理處即利用國內少見的鹹水型人工濕地，將鄰近區域之養殖與生活排放廢水截留至濕地內進行處理。於先前研究的水質監測中發現大鵬灣之濕地內存在大型海藻龍鬚菜，預期大型海藻亦可增加人工濕地之廢水處理能力。文獻證實，大型海藻龍鬚菜可利用於養殖廢水的處理，藉以吸收水體中的營養鹽使其生長，並可減少因過多營養鹽而造成水體藻華的情形。本研究即探討大型海藻龍鬚菜在鹹水型人工濕地廢水處理的應用，並以實驗室規模的研究設計人工濕地模型槽來嘗試培養龍鬚菜，探討對於水質處理的情況。研究顯示，大型海藻龍鬚菜於批次培養的系統中，可提升實驗污水的溶氧及pH，並在10 g/L之密度培養4天的情況下在可有效降低水體葉綠素a濃度達79.10 ± 7.62 %之去除率，以及總氮、總磷47.10 ± 25.93 %與60.49 ± 45.29 %的去除率，其中氨氮濃度的下降於培養1天後非常明顯。而在連續流式培養於模型槽的系統中發現，在濁度、葉綠素a、BOD的檢測對龍鬚菜添加的實驗組上有明顯的差異，其中長期監測葉綠素a的部份，未添加龍鬚菜之對照組明顯增加，但有龍鬚菜的組別可抑制葉綠素a濃度的提升。在氮移除的長期監測過程中，對於氨氮在實驗組的平均去除率可高達92.27 ± 3.82 %，且在第一天培養的水質監測中亦可看出明顯的濃度下降趨勢。磷的去除上，於土壤有無對水質的差異比較中也顯示磷的去除效果在有土壤的情況下仍較明顯。於連續流實驗組系統中，龍鬚菜的添加可增加模型槽系統對總氮及總磷的去除平均可達到75.23 ± 2.46 %及53.96 ± 11.18 %。上述於實驗室研究的成果與大鵬灣人工濕地現場龍鬚菜生長前後的水質成果比較，可證實現場污染物與營養鹽去除率
的提升與龍鬚菜有關。

Constructed wetland treatment systems are environmental-friendly and economic technologies for wastewater treatments. The Dapeng Bay National Scenic Area Administration collected the wastewaters from the salty water aquacultural ponds and community households in the adjacent areas and discharged them into salty water type of constructed wetland treatment systems, which is quite rare in Taiwan presently. According to the surveying result of water quality in these constructed wetland treatment systems in previous study, we found that some species of macroalgae Gracilaria, were existed in some units of the wetland systems. Further, we found that the wastewater treatment efficiencies of the constructed wetland systems could be substantially enhanced by the macroalgae. Reviewing some literatures also confirmed that the macroalgae, Gracilaria, can be effectively applied to aquaculture wastewater treatment because it is able to absorb the nutrients and benefits its own growth. Besides, it can reduce the algal bloom caused by excess nutrients.
In this study, we explored the macroalgae Gracilaria’s role in those saline constructed wetland wastewater treatment systems. In the laboratory scale study, a constructed wetland model tank was designed to culture Gracilaria as a way to explore the situation of wastewater treatment. The experimental results showed that when cultured in the still water system, the macroalgae, Gracilaria, was able to increase both of the levels of dissolved oxygen and pH in wastewater. Moreover, when it was cultured in its biomass density of 10 g/L for 4 days, the removal efficiency of chlorophyll-a concentration could ideally reach to 79.10 ± 7.62 %, while the total nitrogen, and total phosphorus could reach to 47.10 ± 25.93 % and 60.49 ± 45.29 % respectively. However, the reduction of ammonia nitrogen concentration was found rather obvious only one day after culture.
Whereas, when the species of Gracilaria was cultured in the continuous flow system, we found that there were significant difference in the test result of the turbidity, chlorophyll-a, and BOD in the experimental group with addition of Gracilaria. After testing the concentrutions of chlorophyll-a over a long period of time, we found that the chlorophyll-a concentration were markedly increased when Gracilaria was not added. On the contrary, the chlorophyll-a concentration was remained stably when Gracilaria was added. When it comes to the nitrogen removal, we found that the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen in the experimental group could reach up to 92.27 ± 3.82 % in average. Other than that, it was found obvious decrease of the ammonia nitrogen concentration on the first day of culture. As to the test of soil’s impact on the phosphorus removal, we found that the removal efficiency in the experimental group was higher than the group without soil. Therefore, the removal efficiency was found obviously higher when there was soil. In the continuous flow system, when the species of Gracilaria was added, the removal efficiency of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in the model tank could reach averagely up to 75.23 ± 2.46 % and 53.96 ± 11.18 %, respectively.
Comparing the experimental results by growth of Gracilaria for water quality with laboratory study and the saline constructed wetland systems in the Dapeng Bay, we found that the removal efficiencies of contaminants and nutrients could be enhanced by Gracilaria.

中文摘要………………………………………...……………………………Ⅰ
Abstract……………………………………………………………………Ⅱ~Ⅲ
目錄……………………………………………….………………………Ⅳ~Ⅴ
表目錄……………………………………………...…………………………Ⅵ
圖目錄……………………………………………….……………………Ⅶ~Ⅷ
第一章 前言……………………………………………………………………1
1.1 研究動機………………………..………………………………………1
1.2 研究目的…………………………..……………………………………3
第二章 文獻回顧………………………………………………………………5
2.1 濕地概論…………………………………………………………………5
2.1-1 濕地定義…………………………………………………………….5
2.1-2 濕地功能…………………………………………………………….7
2.1-3 濕地的形成與分類………………………………………………….8
2.1-4 濕地的結構………………………………………………………….9
2.2 人工濕地概論………………………………………………………..…10
2.2-1 人工濕地的型態……………………………………………...……11
2.2-2 人工濕地去除污染物之機制……………………………………...15
2.2.2-1 懸浮固體與有機物的移除作用………………………………..17
2.2.2-2 氮的移除作用…………………………………………………..18
2.2.2-3 磷的移除作用…………………………………………………..21
2.2-3 案例介紹－大鵬灣鹹水型人工濕地……………………………...22
2.3 大型海藻龍鬚菜概述…………………………………………………..25
2.3-1 藻類簡介…………………………………………………………...25
2.3-2 藻類生長因子及營養鹽吸收機制………………………………...27
2.3-3 龍鬚菜吸收營養鹽之相關研究…………………………………...29
2.3.3-1 環境因子對龍鬚菜吸收營養鹽的影響………………………..29
2.3.3-2 營養鹽因子對龍鬚菜吸收營養鹽的影響……………………..30
2.4 大型海藻龍鬚菜對赤潮抑制之作用………………………..…………31
2.5 龍鬚菜於養殖廢水處理之應用………………………...……………34
第三章 研究方法與設備……………………………………………………..37
3.1 研究流程說明……………………………………………..……………37
3.2 大鵬灣人工濕地龍鬚菜生長調查與水質監測………………………..38
3.3 龍鬚菜批次實驗………………………………………………………..39
3.3-1 藻樣與實驗污水取得………………………………...……………39
3.3-2 環境條件…………………………………………………………...39
3.3-3 實驗方法…………………………………………………………...40
3.4 實驗室規模人工濕地模型槽建立……………………………………..40
3.4-1 污水貯水槽……………………………………………………….41
3.4-2 水位控制箱……………………………………………………….41
3.4-3 溢流水承接……………………………………………………….42
3.4-4 進出流管線……………………………………………………….42
3.4-5　FWS實驗槽………………………………………………………42
3.4-6 實驗系統之操作………………………………………………….44
3.5 模型槽連續流實驗……………………………………………………..44
3.6 採樣及分析………………………………………..……………………46
3.6-1 採樣頻率與監測項目……………………………………………...46
3.6.1-1 龍鬚菜批次實驗……………………………………………...46
3.6.1-2 模型槽連續流實驗…………………………………………...47
3.6-2 分析儀器及設備…………………………………………………...47
3.6-3 水樣保存…………………………………………………………...47
3.6-4 分析方法…………………………………………………………...47
3.7 資料處理與分析………………………………………………………..48
第四章 結果與討論…………………………………………………………..51
4.1 龍鬚菜現地生長調查與水質比較……………………………………..51
4.2 龍鬚菜批次實驗……………………………………………………...57
4.2-1 現場監測資料………………………………...……………………57
4.2-2 培養期間營養鹽及葉綠素a之變化…………………………….....64
4.2-3 去除效率…………………………………………………………...75
4.3 模型槽連續流實驗…………………………………………………...76
4.3-1 現場監測資料……………………………………………………...76
4.3-2 龍鬚菜與否對於污染物處理之差異性…………………………...84
4.3-3 土壤對於龍鬚菜去除污染物之差異性……………………….....102
4.3-4 去除效率…………………………………………………..……...103
第五章 結論與建議…………………………………………………………105
5.1 結論……………………………………………………………………105
5.2 建議……………………………………………………………………107
第六章 參考文獻……………………………………………………………109
附錄一 各階段實驗之變異數相關分析…………………………………….115
附錄二 T檢定分析………………………………………………………….123
附錄三 照片部分……………………………………………………………127

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