臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究所使用的原料為台灣中部某造紙廠製程排渣(PRPM)，具有高揮發分及高熱值之特性，適宜做為燃料使用。但是其存在高氧含量，混和成分複雜降低直接利用之效益。本研究嘗試使用高溫高壓水熱液氣化技術(HLG)轉化PRPM (HLGPR)、同技術下摻配大豆油轉化PRPM (HLGPRSO)、摻配生質柴油轉化PRPM (HLGPRBD)及摻配生質柴油及乙醇轉化PRPM (TLGPRBDE)，將廢棄生質物於廢棄液體燃料中，共處理轉化成可商業化使用油品燃料。
在單獨HLGPR程序中，固相產物分析結果顯示其可提升殘渣產物熱效益品質。元素分析結果亦證實HLGPR可有效性脫氧，達到提升產物熱效益。在元素分析部分，延長時間可有效性脫氧，而持溫超過1 hr時會提升裂解效果。而FTIR結果亦顯示使用此程序C-O會消失，證明此程序確有脫氧之效果，SEM結果呈現較低溫條件下有較明顯的裂解產生。在GC/MS分析結果顯示，液相產物以醇類和酚類為主。醇類產物的含量則隨著持溫時間的增加而減少。模擬蒸餾分析以573 K持溫2 hr有較佳結果。延長持溫時間可有效裂解產物中的物質並提高產物之pH值。因此結果顯示其仍帶有高含量酚類、較低pH值與高分子量物質等缺點待克服。氣相產物部分，增加溫度可提升CO與CH4的產量，但對H2產量有所抑制。延長持溫時間CO2濃度會減少，但是也會造成其他氣相產物減少。產物回收率皆達到90 %以上。轉化率則落在33-48 %範圍之間。選擇最適化條件下的573 K持溫2 hr作為後續實驗之操作條件。
HLGPRSO程序中，固相產物分析結果顯示隨著大豆油添加量的增加，固相產物熱值亦則會隨之上升，但將大豆油含量增加至100 %時，熱值卻明顯下降，顯示有水含量時，對熱值有絕對影響。大豆油的添加會使揮發份增加，亦使固相產物的C與H含量增加，N及O含量下降，說明添加大豆油可有效幫助裂解，並顯示添加大豆油可有脫氧效果，且SEM圖形呈現在摻配油水比25：75條件下殘渣較為破碎，說明裂解效果較佳。液體產物分析顯示，大豆油的摻配比例越高，液體產物熱值則會越低，大豆油含量的增加會導致液體產物N和H含量也增加。在摻配條件油水比25：75下，可得到較接近商業油品之液相產物。氣體產物濃度會隨著大豆油的含量增加而增加，在摻配溶劑油水比75：25下達到最高氣體產量，因此具有液化與氣化同時進行之效果。產物回收率介於在88-98 %之間，而產率皆在85 %以上。產物轉化率則隨著大豆油含量的增加而增加，落在35- 93 %之間。證明摻配大豆油可明顯提升油品品質及轉化率。
HLGPRBD程序則更改摻配溶劑為中級生質柴油，結果顯示，固相產物的熱值，揮發分與H，O含量上升，而N、C、S含量降低，SEM結果殘渣呈現邊緣破裂化。液相產物的N及S含量減少，C含量增加，熱值則下降，模擬蒸餾結果顯示碳數分布較HLGPRSO佳。原因可能因中級生質柴油已經經過轉酯化，分子量已大幅下降導致。氣相產物以CO2¬為最大含量，氣體質量則有明顯下降，說明了HLGPRBD氣化效果較差。
TLGPRBDE程序中進一步添加乙醇後顯示會使固相產物揮發分降低，N含量上升，C與H含量下降，推測原因可能為乙醇在此操作條件下呈現超臨界狀態使裂解更為完全，液相產物熱值由6,392上升至7,123 kcal/kg，已適合作為燃料使用。液相產物酯類含量皆佔50 wt.%以上。模擬蒸餾結果顯示液相產物碳數分布較為均勻，品質最高，具有較佳燃燒特性。且將水更改為乙醇後氣化效果變好，氣體濃度增加。因此證明乙醇加速了液氣化反應的發生，是很好的液化溶劑。TLGPRBDE回收率介於87-97 wt. %之間，證明產物回收率相較於HLGPR具有實質性的提升。且此摻配比下油品模擬蒸餾品質最好。顯示固體生質廢棄物於油相生質燃料下進行液化程序有提升轉化率且形成可商業化使用燃料之潛力。

In this study, the raw material used was process rejects from a wastepaper-based paper mill (PRPM), and the source of PRPM was rejected organic waste from a paper mill located at central Taiwan. Due to the high volatile and heating value characteristic of PRPM, it is suitable for use as a fuel. However, there is a lot of oxygen and complicated composition, that decreased the fuel efficiency. The hydrothermal liquefaction and gasification (HLG) technology was used to convert PRPM (named as HLGPR), HLGPR with soybean oil as solvent (HLGPRSO), HLGPR with biodiesel as solvent (HLGPRBD) and HLGPR with biodiesel and ethanol as co-solvents (TLGPRBDE). The purpose of this study is to convert the waste biomass and bioliquid into commercial biofuels.
In the HLGPR process, it can improve the thermal efficiency of the product fuel quality. Elemental analysis results also confirmed the validity of deoxygenation, which can enhance the product characteristics. The GC/MS analysis results displayed that the liquid product contained most components of alcohols and phenols, and the alcohol components decreased with the increase of time. The recovery efficiency of products all reached above 90 % and the conversion efficiency were between 33-48 %. The followed operation conditions are chosen the optimum factors of HLGPR at 573 K and 2 hr.
In the HLGPRSO process, the heating value (HV) of the solid product increased with the increase of the ratio of soybean oil. However, HV decreased at 100% addition of soybean oil, this means that the co-existence of water is important. At the oil to water ratio of 25:75, the cracking of solid residue is more completely and the liquid product is close to the commercial fuel. The next test is followed this ratio. The recovery efficiencies of products were between 88-98%, the product efficiency was above 85%, and the conversion efficiency were 35-93%. This process proved that the addition of bio-oil in HLGPR can enhance the oil product quality and conversion efficiency.
In the HLGPRBD process, the HV of solid product increased, however, the deoxygenation ability decreased. The simulated distillation results of liquid product show that the low carbon number distribution is better than that of HLGPRSO.
Finally, in the TLGPRBDE process, the conversion of PRPM were enhanced as well as the volatile components, C and H ratios decreased obviously, the reason may be due to the supercritical ethanol cracking. The HV of the liquid product increased from 6392 to 7123 kcal/kg, and the ester content in the liquid product contained more than 50 wt.%. The simulated distillation results of liquid product showed that the carbon number distribution was more uniform, higher quality, and better combustion characteristics. After the replace of water to solvent of ethanol, the gasification effect was enhanced and the integrated mass of gaseous products also increased. The recovery efficiency of TLGPRBDE process reached to 87-97 wt.%, and it proved that the ethanol displayed a very special characteristic in the HLG technology.

目錄 I
圖目錄 V
縮寫說明 IX
第一章、前言 1
1.1 研究緣起 1
1.2 研究目的 1
第二章、文獻回顧 2
2.1 生質物介紹 2
2.2 造紙廠製程排渣 2
2.3 熱裂解技術介紹 3
2.4 液化技術介紹 6
2.4.1水分子在臨界狀態下的物理性質 6
2.4.2次臨界裂解液化技術 7
2.4.3液化技術於油品製造應用 7
2.4.4液化機制 8
2.5 生質物的水熱反應 8
2.5.1碳水化合物 8
2.5.2纖維素 9
2.5.3半纖維素 9
2.5.4澱粉 12
2.5.5醣類 12
2.5.6木質素 15
2.5.7脂類 16
2.5.8甘油 16
2.5.9脂肪酸 17
2.5.10各種生質物液化 18
2.6 轉酯化技術 20
2.7 催化劑的影響 20
2.7.1勻相催化劑 22
2.7.2非勻相催化劑 22
2.8 生質油品的應用 22
2.8.1生質航空燃油 22
2.8.1.1航空燃油特性法規標準 22
2.8.1.2航空燃油對環境之污染 24
2.8.1.3世界各國對航空業規範 26
2.8.2生質柴油 28
2.8.2.1生質柴油特性 28
2.8.3生質燃油 29
第三章、研究方法 30
3.1 研究流程圖 30
3.1.1 文獻的收集與探討 30
3.1.2 樣品的收集、前處理及基本特性分析 30
3.1.3 高溫高壓水熱液氣化實驗 30
3.1.4 摻配實驗 30
3.1.5 不同溶劑摻配水熱液氣化實驗 30
3.1.6 產物分析 30
3.2 樣品前處理 33
3.3 樣品基本特性分析 33
3.3.1 元素分析 33
3.3.2 近似分析 33
3.3.3 熱值分析 34
3.4 次臨界液化實驗 35
3.4.1 先期測試 35
3.5 實驗操作 35
3.6 轉酯化實驗 37
3.7 分析儀器 38
3.7.1 氣相層析質譜儀 (GC/MS) 38
3.7.2 氣相層析儀熱傳導偵測器 (GC/TCD) 39
3.7.3 燃燒彈熱卡計 40
3.7.4 傅立葉紅外線光譜儀(FTIR) 42
3.7.5 pH計 43
3.7.6 掃描式電子顯微鏡 (SEM) 44
3.7.7 元素分析 (EA) 45
3.8 評估指標 45
第四章、結果與討論 46
4.1 造紙廠製程排渣(PRPM)樣品特性分析結果 46
4.1.1近似分析 46
4.1.2 熱值分析 46
4.1.3 元素分析 46
4.1.4 掃描式電子顯微鏡(SEM)分析 46
4.1.5傅立葉紅外線光譜儀(FTIR)分析 46
4.2利用造紙廠製程排渣進行水熱液氣化實驗(HLGPR)產物分析 52
4.2.1 溫度對液化產物的影響 52
4.2.2持溫時間對液氣化後對產物的影響 89
4.3利用造紙廠製程排渣添加大豆油進行水熱液氣化實驗(HLGPRSO)產物分析 104
4.3.1固相產物 104
4.3.2 液相產物 111
4.3.3 氣相產物 121
4.3.4產物回收率與轉化率 124
4.4 利用造紙廠製程排渣添加生質油品進行水熱液氣化實驗產物分析 126
4.4.1固相產物 126
4.4.2液相產物 132
4.4.3氣相產物 137
4.4.4產物回收率與轉化率 140
第五章、結論與建議 142
5.1結論 142
5.2建議 144
第六章、參考文獻 145
附錄A 152

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