臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

憂鬱反芻為個體反覆思考內在負面情緒的特性，並且是憂鬱情緒初發及惡化的主因之ㄧ(Nolen-Hoeksema,1991)。在過去文獻中憂鬱反芻運作機制被分為二面向討論，一為憂鬱反芻之後設信念促發個體採用憂鬱反芻因應策略 (Papageorgiou & Wells,1999)，其二為憂鬱反芻個體的注意力控制不足，干擾其認知修正能力導致持續反芻反應(Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000)，然而二論點之關聯性未被釐清。Gerin等人(2006)強調在探討憂鬱反芻的實徵研究中應區隔出憂鬱反芻反應風格與情境性憂鬱反芻反應行為，因此本研究將透過憂鬱情緒促發與隨機分派不同情緒調節策略，以觀察反芻反應風格與情境性憂鬱反芻反應對個體注意力偏誤與注意力抑制之影響。本研究目的為：(一)中文化憂鬱反芻之正負向信念量表，並檢核憂鬱反芻-憂鬱情緒模式運作機制；(二)以眼動儀實驗探究憂鬱反芻個體注意力控制不足之表現；(三)分析憂鬱反芻、後設信念、注意力偏誤與注意力抑制對憂鬱傾向的預測模式，試圖整合後設信念與注意力控制不足二論點以釐清憂鬱反芻之運作機制。本研究共分為二部分，第一部分為中文化憂鬱反芻之正負向信念量表，並檢驗其信效度，預試研究有效樣本為171人，男性佔63名(約37%)，正式研究有效樣本為106人，男性佔36名(約34%)。第二部分包含(一)憂鬱反芻之後設信念預測反芻與憂鬱情緒之模式檢核，有效樣本為106人。(二)以反應風格量表之憂鬱反芻分數區分出高低憂鬱反芻者共55人，進行憂鬱情緒促發暨情緒調節策略運用，並以眼動儀實驗測量促發前後二階段之注意力控制表現。眼動儀實驗包括(1)自由瀏覽作業，實驗為2(反芻組別：高、低)x3(情緒調節：感受、評價、分心)x4(表情：快樂、悲傷、生氣、中性) 設計，以凝視點相關指標為依變項，測量個體注意力偏誤；(2)跳視作業，實驗為2(反芻組別：高、低)x3(情緒調節：感受、評價、分心)x2(作業型態：單一、混合)x2(跳視作業：前跳視、反跳視)x4(表情：快樂、悲傷、生氣、中性) 設計，以正確跳視潛伏期與錯誤率為依變項，測量注意力抑制。研究結果：不論預試或正式研究，中文化憂鬱反芻之正負向信念量表皆具有良好信效度，經模式檢核顯示正向信念可以預測深思反省式憂鬱反芻，苦惱自責式憂鬱反芻則可以直接及間接經由負向信念的中介來憂鬱傾向發生。注意力偏誤部份，高低憂鬱反芻個體在憂鬱情緒促發暨情緒調節前，憂鬱反芻特質並未影響個體對不同表情之偏好；促發後，高低憂鬱反芻個體對不同表情之第一凝視點起始時間不同，另外發現高憂鬱反芻者對悲傷與生氣表情之返回凝視次數高，低憂鬱反芻者對快樂表情之總凝視次數較高。注意力抑制部分，在憂鬱情緒促發暨情緒調節前後二階段，一致發現高憂鬱反芻個體在需要認知轉換的混合型態前跳視作業有較高的錯誤率，且不受情緒調節策略的影響而有改變。綜合以上注意力實驗結果，就注意力偏誤層次而言，須經由誘發程序才能顯現憂鬱反芻個體注意力偏誤之差異，故推測注意力偏誤可能為憂鬱反芻個體的情境性反芻反應之指標；就注意力抑制層次而言，高憂鬱反芻特質為一穩定影響個體注意力抑制表現之相關變項，不受情境調節。在整合迴歸預測模式中，苦惱自責式憂鬱反芻與擔心失控的負向信念可以穩定有效預測憂鬱傾向；然而在憂鬱情緒促發暨情緒調節前後可用以預測憂鬱傾向的眼動指標則有所不同。最後將未驗證之研究假設進一步討論，並指出本研究限制與未來研究方向建議。臨床應用上，根據本研究結果推測可能以行為活化核心概念進行憂鬱反芻個體的注意力訓練以預防與治療憂鬱情緒。

關鍵詞：憂鬱反芻、後設信念、注意力控制、憂鬱

Introduction: Depressive rumination, people repetitively and passively think about symptoms of depression and the possible causes and consequences, was regarded as the major cause of the occurrence and exacerbation of depression (Nolen-Hoeksema, 1991). The operational mechanism of depressive rumination was discussed in two fields. One was the metacognitive beliefs, which fosters an individual to adopt depressive rumination to cope with depressed mood (Papageorgiou & Wells, 1999). The other was an individual’s deficient in attentional control, which interrupts one’s cognitive flexibility, resulting in prolonged rumination (Davis & Nolen-Hoeksema, 2000). Nevertheless, the relationship between them was not clear yet. Gerin et al. (2006) emphasized the importance to discriminate the rumination is a trait or a temporary response. Hence, this study assessed the influences of trait rumination and ruminative response on attentional control at two stages－before and after administering depressed mood induction and randomly assigning emotion-regulation strategies to subjects. Purposes: (1) To examine the psychometric properties of the Chinese version of Positive and Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scale, and to verify the relationships between metacognitive beliefs, rumination, and depression. (2) To assess the depressive ruminators’ attentional control process by utilizing eye-tracking technology which is specifically adapted to allow continuous monitoring of attentional deployment. (3) To explore the relationships between depression, rumination, metacognitive beliefs, and attentional control. Method: The study contained two parts. The first was to examine the psychometric properties of Chinese version of Positive/Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scales by a sample of 171(63 males) undergraduate students in preliminary test, and 106(36 males) in formal study. The second part was twofold (1) verifying the relationships between metacognitive belief, depressive rumination, and depression by means of structural equation modeling, and (2) sorting 55 subjects into two groups (high or low level depressive ruminator) according to their scores of Chinese Response Style Questionnaire-short form-revised(CRSQ-SFR), then recording their performance of attentional control at two stages. The eye-tracking projects included: (1) The free-viewing task was programmed by 2(low/high ruminator)x3(experiential/ analytic/distraction emotion regulation)x4 (happy/sad/angry/neutral facial expression) factorial design, in which 7 types of point-of-gaze were measured as indices of attentional bias. (2) The saccade task, 2(low/high ruminator)x3(experiential/analytic/ distraction emotion regulation )x2 (single/mixed block type) x2(pro-/anti-saccade) x4(happy /sad /angry /neutral facial expression) factorial design, with correct saccade latency and error rate as the indicators of attentional inhibition. Results: High internal consistency and validity in Chinese version of Positive and Negative Beliefs about Rumination Scales were both found in preliminary and formal study. The metacognitive model of rumination on depression provided a good fit to the data, positive beliefs about rumination predicted reflective rumination and brooding rumination were directly linked to depression as well as indirectly via the negative beliefs about rumination. Only in the stage after depressive mood induction and emotion regulation, levels of trait disposition to ruminate would influence individuals’ attentional bias. There were some difference in the indicator of first- fixation-start-time on different facial expressions between the two groups. Further, high depressive ruminators went back to sad and angry faces more than others, and low ruminators had more fixation counts on happy face. With regard to attentional inhibition, high depressive ruminators at both stages had increasing error rates in mixed-type prosaccade task, which individuals had to switch mental sets, and the results were not affected by the factor of emotion regulation. In sum, we inferred that attentional bias would be an indicator belonging to rumination response, and insufficient attentional inhibition would be constantly affected by trait rumination. According to stepwise regression analysis, brooding rumination and the negative beliefs about rumination (concerning lost self-control) stably predicted depression, but not the indicators of attentional control. Finally, unverified hypotheses and suggestion of future research were discussed. As clinical implication, the present findings indicated the possibility of prevention or treatment of depression through attentional control training.

Keywords: depressive rumination, metacognitive beliefs, attentional control, depression

摘要 I
ABSTRACT III
目錄次 V
表次 VII
圖次 IX
附錄次 XI
第一章 研究緣起與動機 1
第二章 文獻探討 3
第一節 憂鬱、憂鬱反芻與情緒調節 3
第二節 憂鬱反芻的促發與維持 9
第三節 憂鬱反芻與注意力偏誤 18
第四節 注意力測量與眼動儀之應用 23
第五節 研究目的 32
第六節 研究架構與假設 33
第三章 研究方法 38
第一節 研究對象 38
第二節 研究設計 40
第三節 研究工具 46
第四節 研究流程 53
第五節 資料分析 55
第四章 預備性研究 56
第一節 中文化憂鬱反芻之正負向信念量表 56
第五章 研究結果 61
第一節 基本資料與量表分析 61
第二節 促發作業檢核 68
第三節 注意力偏誤 78
第四節 注意力抑制91
第五節 相關分析與迴歸預測 106
第六章 綜合討論 110
第一節 研究假設的驗證與討論 110
第二節 研究發現 115
第三節 研究限制與未來研究方向 125
第四節 研究貢獻 128
參考文獻 130
附錄 141

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