臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究針對十種不同精油的抗氧化性能進行了系統性評估，並通過總多酚含量測定、DPPH自由基清除試驗以及赤血鹽還原能力試驗這三種方法進行了綜合比較。
隨著消費者對天然成分需求的日益增加，精油在化妝品及護膚品中的應用引起了廣泛的關注。這些植物來源的天然萃取物不僅具有芳香療法的功效，還展示出顯著的抗菌、抗炎和抗氧化等生物活性，因此在延緩皮膚老化和減少自由基損傷方面具有潛在的應用價值。研究結果顯示，各精油之間的抗氧化性能存在顯著差異。

本研究表明，茶樹精油在三項抗氧化測試中均表現出卓越的抗氧化活性，顯示出其在延緩皮膚老化及護膚品中的潛在應用價值。而其他精油如天竺葵、綠薄荷和生薑精油也展示了良好的抗氧化性能，值得進一步探討其在化妝品中的應用前景。相比之下，尤加利精油的抗氧化活性較弱，但其可能具有其他生物活性，可在其他應用領域中發揮作用。

This study carried out a systematic evaluation of the antioxidant properties of ten different essential oils, a comprehensive comparison was made through three methods: for the determination of total polyphenol content test, DPPH radical scavenging activity and potassium ferricyanide reducing power assay.

As consumer demand for natural ingredients increases, the use of essential oils in cosmetics and skin care products has attracted widespread attention. These natural extracts from plants not only have aromatherapy effects, but also exhibits significant antibacterial activity anti-inflammatory and antioxidant biological activities. Therefore, it has potential application value in skin anti-aging and reducing free radical damage.

The research results show that between essential oils there is a significant difference in antioxidant properties. Among them, tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) has the highest total polyphenol content, reaching 756.03 ± 4.71 mg GAE/g sample, followed by geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens), spearmint essential oil (Mentha spicata) and ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale). Eucalyptus essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) has the lowest total polyphenol content, only 5.29 ± 0.31 mg GAE/g sample.

In the DPPH radical scavenging activity.
Tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) showed the strongest scavenging activity, with an IC50 rate 98.28 ± 4.98 µg/ml, followed by spearmint essential oil (Mentha spicata) (IC50 = 135.75 ± 2.61 µg/ml), geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens) (IC50 = 150.42 ± 2.83 µg/ml) and ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale) (IC50 = 165.45 ± 7.52 µg/ml). Eucalyptus essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) has the lowest scavenging activity, with an IC50 rate reaching 578.11 ± 8.35 µg/ml.







In the potassium ferricyanide reducing power assay.
Tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) also shows the strongest reducing ability, equivalent to 686.34 ± 5.45 mg of ascorbic acid per gram of essential oil (mg vit C/g sample), while eucalyptus essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) has the lowest reducing ability, 46.91 ± 2.61 mg. vit C/g sample.

This study shows that tea tree essential oil (Melaleuca alternifolia) exhibits excellent antioxidant activity in three antioxidant tests, demonstrating its potential application value in skin anti-aging and skin care products. Other essential oils such as geranium essential oil (Pelargonium graveolens), spearmint essential oil (Mentha spicata) and ginger essential oil (Zingiber officinale) also show good antioxidant properties and are worth further exploring their application prospects in cosmetics. In comparison, eucalyptus essential oil (Eucalyptus globulus) has weak antioxidant activity, but it may have other biological activities that could be useful in other areas of application.

謝誌 I
中文摘要 II
Abstract III
目錄 V
圖目 VIII
表目錄 X
第一章 緒論 1
1-1精油 (Essential oils) 1
1-1-1主要成分 1
1-1-2歷史背景 2
1-1-3用途 3
1-2精油的萃取方式 5
1-3十種精油介紹 10
1-3-1 選擇十種精油的研究動機 20
1-3-2十種精油的詳細資訊及化學品安全數據表 21
1-4 氧化及抗氧化機制 41
1-4-1 抗氧化劑 42
1-4-2生物體內存在的多種天然抗氧化物質 43
1-4-3植物中常見的抗氧化物質 44
第二章 研究目的 54
第三章 材料與方法 55
3-1 實驗藥品與儀器 55
3-2實驗方法 58
3-2-1總多酚含量試驗（Total polyphenol content test） 58
3-2-2 DPPH自由基清除試驗 ( DPPH radical scavenging activity ) 61
3-2-3赤血鹽還原能力試驗 ( Potassium Ferricyanide Reducing Power Assay ) 63
第四章 結果與討論 66
4-1多酚含量分析 66
4-1-1總酚含量測定 66
4-2體外抗氧化能力分析 69
4-2-1 DPPH自由基清除試驗 69
4-2-2赤血鹽還原能力試驗 72
4-3 討論 75
第五章 結論 77
第六章參考資料 78

Mohammed, Hamdoon A., et al. "Essential Oils Pharmacological Activity: Chemical Markers, Biogenesis, Plant Sources, and Commercial Products." Process Biochemistry (2024).
Ali, Babar, et al. "Essential oils used in aromatherapy: A systemic review."Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine 5.8 (2015): 601-611.
Sharma, Atul, et al. "Role of Essential Oil Used Pharmaceutical Cosmetic Product." Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology 2.3 (2023): 147-157.
Perović, Aleksandra B., et al. "Novel hydrodistillation and steam distillation methods of essential oil recovery from lavender: A comprehensive review." Industrial Crops and Products 211 (2024): 118244.
Stratakos, Alexandros Ch, and Anastasios Koidis. "Methods for extracting essential oils." Essential oils in food preservation, flavor and safety. Academic Press, 2016. 31-38.
Yousefi, Mohammad, et al. "Supercritical fluid extraction of essential oils." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 118 (2019): 182-193.
Katekar, Vikrant P., Anand B. Rao, and Vishal R. Sardeshpande. "A hydrodistillation-based essential oils extraction: A quest for the most effective and cleaner technology." Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy 36 (2023): 101270.
Abbas, Ali, et al. "GC-MS analysis and nutra-pharmaceutical potential of Mentha piperita essential oil extracted by supercritical fluid extraction and hydro-distillation." Heliyon 10.16 (2024).
Bouyahya, Abdelhakim, et al. "Traditional use, phytochemistry, toxicology, and pharmacological properties of Lavandula dentata L.: A comprehensive review." South African Journal of Botany 154 (2023): 67-87.
Awadh Ali, Nasser A., et al. "In vitro antiprotozoal activity of five plant extracts from Albaha region." World journal of pharmaceutical research 5.3 (2016): 338-346.
Graça, Vânia C., et al. "Chemical characterization and bioactive properties of Geranium molle L.: from the plant to the most active extract and its phytochemicals." Food & function 7.5 (2016): 2204-2212.
Graça, Vânia C., Isabel CFR Ferreira, and Paulo F. Santos. "Bioactivity of the Geranium genus: a comprehensive review." Current pharmaceutical design 26.16 (2020): 1838-1865.
Zahr, Sarah, et al. "Phytochemistry and biological activities of Citrus sinensis and Citrus limon: An update." Journal of Herbal Medicine (2023): 100737.
Ballistreri, Gabriele, et al. "Anthocyanins and other polyphenols in citrus genus: Biosynthesis, chemical profile, and biological activity." Polyphenols in plants. Academic Press, 2019. 191-215.
Yang, Zhijun, et al. "Nutritional components, phytochemical compositions, biological properties, and potential food applications of ginger (Zingiber officinale): A comprehensive review." Journal of Food Composition and Analysis (2024): 106057.
Mukjerjee, Swarupananda, and Dipanjan Karati. "A mechanistic view on phytochemistry, pharmacognostic properties, and pharmacological activities of phytocompounds present in Zingiber officinale: A comprehensive review." Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine 5 (2022): 100173.
Mahmoud, Ayman M., et al. "Beneficial effects of citrus flavonoids on cardiovascular and metabolic health." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2019.1 (2019): 5484138.
Chen, Xiumei, et al. "Integration of covalent organic frameworks and molecularly imprinted polymers for selective extraction of flavonoid naringenin from grapefruit (Citrus× paradisi Macf.) peels." Food Chemistry: X 21 (2024): 101107.
Sailer, Reinhard, et al. "Pharmaceutical and medicinal aspects of Australian tea tree oil." Phytomedicine 5.6 (1998): 489-495.
Hammer, K. A. "Treatment of acne with tea tree oil (melaleuca) products: a review of efficacy, tolerability and potential modes of action." International journal of antimicrobial agents 45.2 (2015): 106-110.
Ogbonna, Covenant E., et al. "Phytochemical assessment, elemental composition, and biological kinetics of Foeniculum vulgare Mill. stalks." Pharmacological Research-Modern Chinese Medicine 11 (2024): 100453.
He, Weiping, and Baokang Huang. "A review of chemistry and bioactivities of a medicinal spice: Foeniculum vulgare." Journal of Medicinal Plants Research 5.16 (2011): 3595-3600.
Alimi, Dhouha, et al. "Phytochemistry, anti-tick, repellency and anti-cholinesterase activities of Cupressus sempervirens L. and Mentha pulegium L. combinations against Hyalomma scupense (Acari: Ixodidae)." Veterinary Parasitology 303 (2022): 109665.
Almadiy, Abdulrhman A., and Gomah E. Nenaah. "Bioactivity and safety evaluations of Cupressus sempervirens essential oil, its nanoemulsion and main terpenes against Culex quinquefasciatus Say." Environmental Science and Pollution Research (2022): 1-14.
Sharma, Deeksha, et al. "Exploring Eucalyptus globulus phytochemicals: Analytical, antibacterial, and molecular docking investigations." The Microbe 3 (2024): 100084.
Hu, Zhu, et al. "Formyl phloroglucinol meroterpenoids from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus subsp. maidenii and their ATP-citrate lyase inhibitory activities." Fitoterapia 173 (2024): 105813.
Mahendran, Ganesan, Sanjeet Kumar Verma, and Laiq-Ur Rahman. "The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.): A review." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021): 114266.
Mahboubi, Mohaddese. "Mentha spicata L. essential oil, phytochemistry and its effectiveness in flatulence." Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine 11.2 (2021): 75-81.
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Lavender 95/5443. Product Reference: TOPTA 001."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Geranium Egyptian Oil AT 018 Egypt Origin."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Orange Oil 95/5449 Brazil Origin. Product Reference: TOPTA 203."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Geranium Egyptian Oil AT 018 Egypt Origin. Product Reference: AT 018."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Numerotation Grapefruit Oil Israel AT 028. Product Reference: AT 028."
J C Buck Ltd. "Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet: Tea Tree Oil Australian TEAC001."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Sweet Fennel Oil B 512. Product Reference: B 512."
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Cypress Oil AT 014. Product Reference: TOPTA 319."
J C Buck Ltd. "Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet: Eucalyptus Oil Chinese Globulus 80% EUCC004
H. Reynaud & Fils. "Technical Data Sheet: Native Spearmint Oil AT 190. Product Reference: AT 190.
Torres, Priscila, et al. "Comprehensive evaluation of Folin-Ciocalteu assay for total phenolic quantification in algae (Chlorophyta, Phaeophyceae, and Rhodophyta)." Algal Research (2024): 103503.
Raposo, Francisco, Rafael Borja, and Julio A. Gutiérrez-González. "A comprehensive and critical review of the unstandardized Folin-Ciocalteu assay to determine the total content of polyphenols: The conundrum of the experimental factors and method validation." Talanta (2024): 125771.
Schaich, K. Mꎬ, X. Tian, and Jianhua Xie. "Reprint of “Hurdles and pitfalls in measuring antioxidant efficacy: A critical evaluation of ABTS, DPPH, and ORAC assays”." Journal of functional foods 18 (2015): 782-796.
Bondet, V., W. Brand-Williams, and C. L. W. T. Berset. "Kinetics and mechanisms of antioxidant activity using the DPPH. free radical method." LWT-Food Science and Technology 30.6 (1997): 609-615.
Dureja, Anamika Gupta, and Kunal Dhiman. "Free radical scavenging potential and total phenolic and flavonoid content of Ziziphus mauritiana and Ziziphus nummularia fruit extracts." International Journal of Green Pharmacy (IJGP) 6.3 (2012).
Foti, Mario C. "Antioxidant properties of phenols." Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 59.12 (2007): 1673-1685.
Pietta, Pier-Giorgio. "Flavonoids as antioxidants." Journal of natural products 63.7 (2000): 1035-1042.
Hajhashemi, Valiollah, Alireza Ghannadi, and Badie Sharif. "Anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties of the leaf extracts and essential oil of Lavandula angustifolia Mill." Journal of ethnopharmacology 89.1 (2003): 67-71.
Crișan, Ioana, et al. "Current trends for lavender (Lavandula angustifolia Mill.) crops and products with emphasis on essential oil quality." Plants 12.2 (2023): 357.
EL-OTMANI, N. A. J. L. A. E., et al. "Assessment of Pelargonium graveolens flower essential oil: Antimicrobial, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition and in vivo topical analgesic and anti-inflammatory efficacy as treatment for atopic dermatitis." F1000Research 13 (2024): 1366.
Sun, Peng, et al. "Essential oil and juice from bergamot and sweet orange improve acne vulgaris caused by excessive androgen secretion." Mediators of Inflammation 2020.1 (2020): 8868107.
Hongratanaworakit, T., & Buchbauer, G. (2005). Human Behavioral and Physiological Reactions to Inhalation of Sweet Orange Oil. Acta Horticulturae, 679(9), 75-81
Mahboubi, Mohaddese. "Zingiber officinale Rosc. essential oil, a review on its composition and bioactivity." Clinical Phytoscience 5.1 (2019): 1-12.
Ozkur, Mehtap, et al. "Ginger for Healthy Ageing: A Systematic Review on Current Evidence of Its Antioxidant, Anti‐Inflammatory, and Anticancer Properties." Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity 2022.1 (2022): 4748447.
Yip, Yin Bing, and Ada Chung Ying Tam. "An experimental study on the effectiveness of massage with aromatic ginger and orange essential oil for moderate-to-severe knee pain among the elderly in Hong Kong." Complementary therapies in medicine 16.3 (2008): 131-138.
Deng, Weihui, et al. "Chemical composition, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of grapefruit essential oil prepared by molecular distillation." Molecules 25.1 (2020): 217.
Ahmed, Shahnawaz, et al. "Chemical composition, antioxidant activity and GC-MS analysis of juice and peel oil of grapefruit varieties cultivated in India." Journal of Integrative Agriculture 18.7 (2019): 1634-1642.
Nascimento, Tânia, et al. "Tea tree oil: Properties and the therapeutic approach to acne—A review." Antioxidants 12.6 (2023): 1264.
Lee, Chia-Jung, et al. "Correlations of the components of tea tree oil with its antibacterial effects and skin irritation." Journal of Food and Drug Analysis 21.2 (2013): 169-176.
Ahmad, Bouchra Sayed, et al. "Fennel oil and by-products seed characterization and their potential applications." Industrial crops and products 111 (2018): 92-98.
Hendry, E. R., et al. "Antimicrobial efficacy of eucalyptus oil and 1, 8-cineole alone and in combination with chlorhexidine digluconate against microorganisms grown in planktonic and biofilm cultures." Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 64.6 (2009): 1219-1225.
Barbosa, Luiz Claudio Almeida, Claudinei Andrade Filomeno, and Robson Ricardo Teixeira. "Chemical variability and biological activities of Eucalyptus spp. essential oils." Molecules 21.12 (2016): 1671.
Mieres-Castro, Daniel, et al. "Antiviral activities of eucalyptus essential oils: Their effectiveness as therapeutic targets against human viruses." Pharmaceuticals 14.12 (2021): 1210.
Mahendran, Ganesan, Sanjeet Kumar Verma, and Laiq-Ur Rahman. "The traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology of spearmint (Mentha spicata L.): A review." Journal of Ethnopharmacology 278 (2021): 114266.
Althea Press. Essential oils for beginners: The guide to get started with essential oils and aromatherapy. Sourcebooks, Inc., 2013.
Baser, K. Husnu Can, and Gerhard Buchbauer. Handbook of essential oils: science, technology, and applications. CRC press, 2009.