臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

創傷出血性休克 (THR)為加護病房中重大創傷患者常見的症狀，常伴隨氧化壓力以及促發炎介質產生。研究指出麩醯胺可恢復THR大鼠肝臟ATP含量並減緩肝臟損傷。而n-3多元不飽和脂肪酸之代謝衍生物可減緩發炎反應。故本實驗欲探討添加麩醯胺及魚油之復甦液緩解創傷出血性休克大鼠標的器官氧化壓力的機制。雄性SD 大鼠分為六組，除正常對照組及插管假手術組外，其餘四組皆進行5公分腹部創傷手術及左頸動脈及右頸靜脈插管(THR大鼠)。THR大鼠動脈連續抽血10分鐘，使平均動脈壓降為30至35 mmHg。維持低血壓60分鐘，於10分鐘內輸入抽出的血液及同體積之乳酸林格氏液(LR)或同體積且分別或同時添加L-丙胺-L-麩醯胺酸(13.5 mmole/kg/day)及魚油(0.5 g/kg/day)之復甦液，並於連續慢速輸注添加或不添加L-丙胺-L-麩醯胺與魚油的復甦液持續42小時 (1.4 ml/hr)後犧牲。結果顯示，單獨補充麩醯胺顯著降低THR增加的腎臟CAT活性、肺臟、肝臟與腎臟TBARS含量、肺臟與肝臟TLR4表現量及肺臟pNF-κB表現量，且顯著增加THR降低的肝臟CAT活性及eNOS表現量；單獨補充魚油顯著降低THR增加的腎臟CAT活性、肝臟與腎臟TBARS含量、肺臟與肝臟TLR4表現量及肺臟pNF-κB表現量，且顯著增加THR降低的肝臟CAT活性；而合併補充麩醯胺及魚油顯著降低單獨給予麩醯胺或魚油的益處。綜上所述，單獨給予補充麩醯胺或魚油較合併補充更具有減緩THR誘導的氧化壓力、發炎反應以及器官損傷的能力。

Trauma hemorrhagic shock and reperfusion (THR) is an emergent condition accompanied with a cascade production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammatory mediators. Glutamine, a precursor of de novo antioxidant glutathione, has been shown to restore hepatic ATP depletion and reduce hepatic damage in THR rats. In addition, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids derived from fish oil are the precursors of pro-resolving mediators in inflammation resolution. Therefore the aim of this study is to investigate the mechanisms of glutamine- and fish oil- supplemented resuscitation fluids on alleviating oxidative stress of target organs in rats with trauma-hemorrhagic shock. Male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups, that is, a normal healthy control group, an intubation sham-operated group, and four THR groups which rats were suffered from 5 cm midline laparotomy and catheterizations in the left carotid artery and right jugular vein; blood drawn from the left carotid artery to reach a mean arterial pressure 30 to 35 mmHg within 10 min and maintained hypovolemia for 60 minutes; and subsequently resuscitated with shed blood and equal volume of lactate Ringer’s solution with or without L-alanyl-L-glutamine (13.5 mmole/kg/day) and/or fish oil (0.5 g/kg/day) within 10 minutes and followed by continuous, low infusion rate of resuscitation fluids (~1.4 ml/h). Healthy and sham-operated rats were included as controls. After 42 hr of infusion, the single supplementation of glutamine significantly decreased THR-increased the pulmonary, hepatic and renal TBARS, pulmonary and hepatic TLR4, pulmonary pNF-κB and renal CAT, as well as increased the THR-decreased hepatic CAT and eNOS; the single supplementation of fish oil had significantly decreased THR-increased the renal CAT, the hepatic and kidney TBARS, the pulmonary and hepatic TLR4 and the pulmonary pNF-κB, as well as increased the THR-decreased hepatic CAT; the combination of glutamine and fish oil had significantly decreased the efficacies of glutamine or fish oil in THR rats. In summary, the supplementation of glutamine or fish oil is better than the combined supplementation in alleviating THR-induced oxidative stress and inflammatory response and organ damage in THR rats.

目錄
中文摘要 ii
Abstract iv
謝誌 vi
目錄 viii
表目錄 xii
圖目錄 xiii
ABBREVIATION xvi
CHAPTER 1 1
INTRODUCTION 1
CHAPTER 2 3
LITERATURE REVIEW 3
1. Physiological changes of hemorrhagic shock 5
2. Serological changes 6
3. Multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) 6
4. Pathophysiological mechanisms in THR 10
A. Oxidative stress 10
B. Antioxidant defense system 20
C. Hypoxia-induced cellular adaptation 25
D. Inflammatory response 30
E. Apoptosis 35
5. The strategy of resuscitation infusion 40
A. Types of resuscitation fluid 41
B. Perfusion rate of resuscitation fluid 44
6. Supplementations in resuscitation fluids 46
A. Arginine 46
B. Glutamine 47
C. polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) 48
CHAPTER 3 50
AIMS AND HYPOTHESIS 50
CHAPTER 4 52
MATERIALS AND METHODS 52
1. Animal model 52
2. Composition of resuscitation fluids 53
3. Experimental design 54
4. Analytic measurements 56
A. Lipid peroxidation products in the target organs 56
B. Enzymatic antioxidants in the target organs 56
C. Non-enzymatic antioxidants in the target organs 58
D. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) stain 59
E. The extraction of cytosol and nuclear protein 60
F. Western blot analysis 61
G. Statistical analysis 62
CHAPTER 5 65
RESULTS 65
1. Body weight, MAP, and resuscitation fluids 65
2. Lipid peroxidation product, TBARS 66
A. The intestine 66
B. The lung 66
C. The liver 67
D. The kidney 67
3. The activities of antioxidant enzymes 69
A. The lung 69
B. The liver 69
C. The kidney 70
4. Non-enzymatic antioxidants 74
A. The lung 74
B. The liver 74
C. The kidney 75
5. Oxidative stress associated proteins 79
A. The lung 79
B. The liver 80
6. Protein of inflammatory signaling pathway 87
A. The lung 87
B. The liver 87
7. Proteins of apoptosis signaling pathway 93
A. The lung 93
B. The liver 93
CHAPTER 6 97
DISCUSSIONS 97
1. The effect of continuously infused with low rate of resuscitation fluids 98
2. The effect of trauma hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation (THR) 101
3. The effect of glutamine infusion in THR in different organs 103
4. The effect of fish oil infusion in THR in different organs 105
5. The effect of glutamine and fish oil infusion in THR in different organs 108
6. Experiment limitation 111
CHAPTER 7 112
CONCLUSION 112
CHAPTER 8 114
REFERENCES 114
APPENDIX 125

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