臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本研究主要探討各鄉鎮養育小孩壓力對家庭勞動市場表現之影響，並以中央研究院「華人家庭動態調查」資料，結合地區出生人數、幼兒園數量與生育補助資料 ，建構地區層級之育兒壓力指標，以分析其對男性與女性就業及所得之影響。研究方法上，本文採用普通最小平方法與兩階段最小平方法進行估計，並納入個人、年度與地區固定效果，以控制個體異質性與潛在內生性問題。
實證結果顯示，在整體樣本中，在控制個人固定效果後，對於育有 6 歲以下幼兒之家戶中，地區養育壓力對女性就業呈現顯著負向影響，顯示托育資源不足可能降低女性持續投入勞動市場之可能性。相較之下，男性就業呈現正向效果，
顯示家庭育兒與經濟壓力可能促使男性提高勞動市場參與，以維持家庭收入來源 。
然而 ， 男性所得及女性所得整體則未呈現顯著影響 ，本研究並未發現地區養育壓力對於男性及女性所得有直接的影響。本研究進一步比較未育有小孩、育有 6 歲以下小孩及育有 6 歲以上小孩之家戶。結果顯示，在控制個人效果後，在女性所得上，相較於未育有小孩之家戶，育有 6 歲以下小孩所面臨的育兒壓力越大，女性所得有顯著正向結果。在女性就業上， 相較於育有 6 歲以上小孩之家戶，育有 6 歲以下小孩之家戶於面對較高地區養育壓力時，其就業機率顯著下降，而與未育有小孩之家戶相比則未觀察到顯著差異。
最後，為檢驗結果穩健性，本文進一步建構替代性育兒壓力指標。實證結果顯示，該替代指標對女性就業呈現顯著負向影響，而對男性就業呈現顯著正向影響，與主要實證結果方向一致；然而對男性與女性所得之影響則均未達統計顯著，
顯示育兒壓力主要影響勞動就業行為，對於所得可能並未發現直接影響。

This study examines the impact of regional childcare pressure on household labor market outcomes. Using data from the Panel Study of Family Dynamics conducted by the Academia Sinica, this paper constructs a region-level childcare pressure index by combining information on regional birth rates, the availability of kindergartens, and childbirth subsidy policies. The analysis investigates how this index affects male and
female employment as well as income outcomes. Methodologically, the study employs both Ordinary Least Squares and Two-Stage Least Squares estimations, incorporating individual, year, and regional fixed effects to account for unobserved heterogeneity and potential endogeneity concerns.
The empirical results show that, in the full sample with individual fixed effects, regional childcare pressure has a significant negative effect on female employment among households with children under the age of six, suggesting that insufficient childcare resources may reduce women’s continued participation in the labor market.
In contrast, a positive effect is observed for male employment, implying that childcare and financial pressures within the household may encourage men to increase their labor market participation in order to support household income. However, no significant effects are found for either male or female income, indicating that regional childcare pressure does not have a direct impact on earnings outcomes.
Further heterogeneity analysis is conducted by comparing households without children, households with children under six, and households with children aged six and above. The results indicate that, after controlling for individual effects, childcare pressure has a significantly positive effect on female income among households with children under six compared to households without children. Regarding female
employment, households with children under six exhibit a significant negative effect of childcare pressure relative to households with older children, while no significant difference is found when compared with childless households.
Finally, to test the robustness of the findings, an alternative childcare pressure index is constructed. The results show that this alternative measure yields a significantly negative effect on female employment and a significantly positive effect on male employment, consistent with the baseline results. However, its effects on both male and female income remain statistically insignificant. Overall, the findings suggest that childcare pressure primarily affects labor market participation decisions rather than income levels, and that these effects differ systematically by gender.

目錄
第一章 緒論................................................................................................... 1
第一節 研究背景............................................................................................ 1
第二節 研究動機與目的.................................................................................. 2
第二章 文獻回顧............................................................................................ 3
第一節 托育資源與育兒壓力........................................................................... 3
第二節 小孩數對女性就業與所得影響.............................................................. 5
第三節 生育補助與托育補助之影響................................................................. 6
第四節 女性勞動供給決定因素........................................................................ 7
第五節 家庭支持與代際關係............................................................................9
第三章 養育壓力指標之建構與分析.......................................................... 11
第一節 養育壓力之建構.............................................................................. 11
第二節 各縣市托育資源與養育壓力比較.................................................. 12
一、 北部地區養育壓力分析 ..................................................................... 12
二、 中部地區養育壓力分析 ..................................................................... 15
三、 南部地區養育壓力分析 ..................................................................... 18
四、 東部及離島地區養育壓力分析 ......................................................... 22
第四章 資料來源與敘述統計分析.............................................................. 27
第一節 資料來源的處理與說明.................................................................. 27
第二節 變數定義與敘述統計...................................................................... 29
一、 工具變數 ............................................................................................. 29
二、 被解釋變數 ......................................................................................... 29
三、 解釋變數 ............................................................................................. 30
第三節 敘述統計.......................................................................................... 32
第五章 實證方法與實證結果...................................................................... 36
第一節 實證模型設定.................................................................................. 36
第二節 工具變數有效性檢定...................................................................... 38
一、 第一階段迴歸結果 ............................................................................. 38
二、 過度識別檢定（Overidentification Test） ........................................ 39
第三節 女性就業模型.................................................................................. 40
第四節 女性所得模型.................................................................................. 42
第五節 男性就業模型.................................................................................. 45
第六節 男性所得模型.................................................................................. 47
第七節 養育壓力對不同子女年齡家庭女性所得之影響.......................... 49
第八節 育兒壓力替代指標.......................................................................... 55
一、 變數來源及定義 ................................................................................. 55
二、 敘述統計 ............................................................................................. 56
三、 建立指標 ............................................................................................. 57
四、 實證結果 ............................................................................................. 58
第六章 結論.................................................................................................. 60
參考文獻 ……………………………………………………………………..62

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