臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

體組成（body composition）泛指各化學成分在動物體內之分布比例。目前，廣為應用於測定動物體組成的方法為化學分析法。然而，於文獻報導中，皆以國外商用雞種之數據為主，因此本試驗旨在探討本土家禽紅羽土雞（red-feathered Taiwan Country chicken）不同日齡及性別之生長性狀與化學分析體組成之結果，此外，亦以電腦斷層掃描（computed tomography；CT）間接測量紅羽土雞之體脂肪分布，以比較化學性及以非侵入性之方法所得之體脂肪結果。本試驗以牧場飼養之雞隻做生長性能體重曲線之描繪，以記錄不同日齡公母雞隻之生長曲線。此外，隨機選用37、80及110日齡，體重相當之公母紅羽土雞，犧牲雞隻先進行電腦斷層掃描體脂肪之分布後，進行採樣並以化學分析法測定肌肉、肝臟及腹脂中水分、灰分、粗蛋白及粗脂肪之含量。結果顯示，公雞與母雞在體重方面，於4週齡時兩性別生長體重開始有明顯增重之表現，相對增重隨著體重增加而有遞減的情形，顯示後期生長速率較低。週增重方面，公雞於7–9週齡增幅最大，母雞全期增重則較為平穩。繼續飼養至110日齡時，此時已達性成熟階段，增重方面公雞體重增幅較小，而母雞持續上升。組織重方面，顯示公雞胸肉與腿肉重與重量百分比於3採樣時間點均高於母雞，僅80日齡之胸肉重量百分比較低於母雞；37與80日齡時，公雞內臟與肝臟重較高於母雞；至110日齡時，呈現相反的結果；母雞肝臟重與重量百分比顯著高於公雞（P < 0.05），而母雞腹脂亦在此時期大幅增加。測定肌肉（即胸肉與腿肉）和肝臟之化學分析，結果顯示，110日齡雞隻之肌肉粗蛋白含量，以公雞粗蛋白含量顯著高於母雞（P < 0.05）；而母雞粗脂肪含量則顯著較高（P < 0.05）。比較肝臟中粗蛋白及粗脂肪之含量，結果顯示，隨著日齡增加，粗脂肪有逐漸上升的趨勢，尤其110日齡之母雞，粗脂肪含量急遽的較80日齡增加（P < 0.05）；而粗蛋白含量則於不同日齡雞隻未達差異顯著。於110日齡之母雞，有相當高量之腹脂生成，以CT掃描所得影像，觀察到體組成變化在雞隻早期公母間並無明顯差異，至110日齡時，母雞濾泡發育成熟，使臟器充滿整個腹腔。此時母雞腹部脂肪在影像中清晰可見，顯示隨著日齡增加，母雞脂肪有明顯增加。綜合上述，隨著年齡增長，兩性別間會有不同之體組成表現。於體重方面，兩性別於110日齡時，平均體重均達3500 g以上。於組織臟器重量比方面，相較於臟器，80與110日齡之胸肉與腿肉有明顯較高之重量百分比，公雞與母雞胸肉佔體重之13.3 ± 1.0%與14.4 ± 0.4%，腿肉為17.3 ± 0.3%與16.0 ± 0.7%；而臟器則佔公雞與母雞體重8.0 ± 0.3%與8.5 ± 0.8%。於110日齡時，母雞肝臟有顯著較37及80日齡高之重量與臟器重量比。兩性別之化學分析，隨著年齡增長，水分含量會隨著體重增加而減少，粗蛋白和灰分於不同日齡幾乎無差異。對照CT影像，母雞於110日齡時含有較高之脂肪含量，顯示在腹腔有腹脂之生成，此脂肪分布之變化與化學分析之結果有一致之趨勢。以影像觀察脂肪之生成有相當高之辨識度。顯示電腦斷層掃描可適合用於測定動物之體脂肪分布，然則，若要獲得完整的資訊，則須配合適當之軟體進行影像處理分析，區分脂肪分佈之位置及正確含量。

Body composition refers to the proportion of chemicals in animal body. Currently, most commonly used for determining body composition was chemical analysis. However, in the literature, the data were dominated by foreign commercial broiler strains. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the growth and chemical composition of red-feathered Taiwan country chicken at different ages and sexes. In addition, the fat distribution of chickens was measured by computed tomography (CT) to compare the chemical and non-invasive methods of fat. In the present study, body weights of red-feathered Taiwan country chicken at different weeks of age were collected from livestock farm. The growth performance curves were plotted from body weight data of both sexes at different ages. In addition, Random selection of similar body weight of chickens at the age of day 37, 80 and 110, Chickens were fasting of sacrifice and then perform a CT scan. After that, the sample of meat, liver and abdominal fat were collected and determine the moisture, ash, protein and fat by chemical analysis. The results showed that males and females in body weight, At 4 weeks of age, and the weight gain of both sexes were increased; relative weight gain decreases with increasing body weight, indicating the mature chickens have lower growth efficiency. In weight gain of week, the male at 7-9 weeks of age has the largest increase. Extension of time in feeding chickens to 110 days of age, in this age reached the stage of sexual maturity, the weight gain of fewer in males, while the female continued to increase. The organ weight and relative organ weight, showing the male breast meat and thigh meat was higher than the females at 37, 80 and 110 days of age, only 80 days of age of breast meat percentage lower than the female; at 37 and 80 days of age, the organ and liver weight of males was higher than the females; 110 days of age, showing the opposite results; the liver weight and percentage of females was significantly higher (P < 0.05), and the abdominal fat was also increased significantly during this period. Measure of the meat (breast meat plus thigh meat) and liver chemical analysis, The results showed at the 110 days of age, crude protein content of meat, the male was significantly higher than the female (P < 0.05), while the crude fat content of females has significantly increased (P < 0.05). The contents of crude protein and crude fat in liver were compared, the results showed that the crude fat increases gradually with age, especially in 110-day-old hens, the content of crude fat increased sharply (P < 0.05). However, the crude protein content did not reach significant difference in different days. At the 110-day-old in the female, there was a significant amount of abdominal fat production. The changes in body composition were not significantly different between early male and female chickens by CT scan. At 110 days of age, the follicles were matured and so that organs filled the entire cavity in the female. At this time, the abdominal fat is clearly visible in the image, showing that with the increase in age, the fat was significantly increased in female. In conclusion, with age, there will be different gender composition between the two sexes. At 110 days of age, the average weight of more than 3500 g. In relative organ weight, 80 and 110 days of breast meat and thigh meat have a higher percentage than the organ. In male and female, the relative organ weight of breast meat was 13.3 ± 1.0% and 14.4 ± 0.4%, respectively; and relative organ weight of thigh meat was 17.3 ± 0.3% and 16.0 ± 0.7%, respectively. At 110 days of age, the female has a higher organ weight and relative organ weight in the liver. In chemical analysis of both sexes, with increasing age, the water content will decrease with weight gain, and crude fat increased; crude protein and ash almost no difference. Compared with CT images, the female had a higher fat content at 110 days of age, showing the female has abdominal fat produced in the cavity. This change in fat distribution was consistent with the results of chemical analysis. Compared with the CT images, body composition changes in the original image of the observed consistent results, it was very high degree of recognition in the fat. Indicate that computed tomography can be used to determine fat distribution in animals. However, to obtain complete information, appropriate software must be used for image processing analysis, to distinguish the location of fat distribution and the correct content.

摘要 I
Abstract III
謝誌 VI
目錄 VII
圖表目錄 IX
壹、前言 1
貳、文獻回顧 2
一、影響家禽體組成之因素 2
（一）體重、營養與採食機制 2
（二）屠體性狀與化學組成之變化 4
二、台灣的商業肉雞—生長與體組成特性 7
（一）台灣的商業肉雞 7
（二）體組成特性 8
三、體組成測定方法 9
四、電腦斷層掃描（CT）應用於家禽之體組成 12
參、材料與方法 17
一、體重資料收集 17
二、實驗動物及實驗設計 19
三、體組成測定及樣本製備 19
四、化學分析 21
五、統計分析 24
肆、結果 25
一、紅羽土雞之生長性狀—體重與組織重 25
二、紅羽土雞之化學分析 30
三、母雞腹部脂肪之生成 30
四、電腦斷層掃描（CT） 30
伍、討論 35
一、紅羽土雞之生長性狀—體重與組織重 35
二、紅羽土雞之化學分析 38
三、母雞腹部脂肪之生成 39
四、電腦斷層掃描（CT） 40
陸、結論 41
柒、參考文獻 42
捌、作者簡介 50

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