臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

本文以家庭動態調查資料，探討父母健康衝擊與已婚成年子女勞動供給及自身健康之關係，並區分父母與配偶父母健康衝擊，在堆疊式資料架構下採用動態與衝擊前後雙重差分模型估計。在平行趨勢假設下，結果顯示父母健康衝擊與女性勞動供給下降、健康惡化及男性實質所得降低有關；男性反應較短期，女性則較延遲且持續。配偶父母健康衝擊對已婚子女勞動供給影響不顯著，但與女性健康惡化有關。異質性分析顯示，父母健康衝擊後，高所得家庭就業與所得下降。

This study examines the relationship between parental health shocks and married adult children's labor supply and own health using Taiwan's Panel Study of Family Dynamics. It distinguishes between parents' and parents-in-law's health shocks and, within a stacked data framework, applies dynamic DID and Pre-post difference-in-differences models by gender. Under the parallel trends assumption, the results suggest that parents' health shocks are associated with lower women's labor supply, poorer women's self-rated health, and lower real monthly income for men. Men's responses are mainly short-lived, while women's adjustments are more delayed and persistent. Parents-in-law's health shocks have no significant effect on labor supply but are associated with poorer health among women. Heterogeneity analysis indicates that employment and income losses after parents' health shocks are concentrated in high-income households.

1 Introduction 1
2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Effects of Parental Health Shocks on Labor Supply and Health Spillovers 4
2.2 Gender Differences in the Effects of Parental Health Shocks 5
2.3 Differences Between Health Shocks to One’s Own Parents and Parents-in-Law 6
3 Data and Sample 7
3.1 Data Source 7
3.2 Data Processing and Variables 7
3.3 Sample Construction 9
3.4 Descriptive Statistics 11
4 Stacked Difference-in-Differences 13
4.1 Dynamic DiD 14
4.2 Pre-Post DiD 16
5 Main Results 17
5.1 Dynamic Effects of Parental Health Shocks 17
5.2 Dynamic Effects of Parents-in-Law Health Shocks 18
5.3 Pre-Post DiD Estimates 19
5.3.1 Effects of Parental Health Shocks 19
5.3.2 Effects of Parents-in-Law Health Shocks 21
5.4 Summary of Empirical Results 22
6 Heterogeneity Analysis 23
6.1 Results 24
7 Conclusion 26
References 29
Tables 31
Figures 37

Baker, A. C., Larcker, D. F., & Wang, C. C. Y. (2022). How much should we trust staggered difference-in-differences estimates? Journal of Financial Economics, 144(2), 370–395.
Bergeot, J., Ferrari, I., & Gao, Y. (2024). The effect of parental health shocks on living arrangements and employment. Health Economics, 33(12), 2798–2837.
Bertrand, M., Duflo, E., & Mullainathan, S. (2004). How much should we trust differencesin-differences estimates? The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 119(1), 249–275.
Brito, E., & Contreras, D. (2025). The caregiving penalty: Caring for sick parents and the gender pay gap [Working paper].
Cengiz, D., Dube, A., Lindner, A., & Zipperer, B. (2019). The effect of minimum wages on low-wage jobs. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 134(3), 1405–1454.
Chen, K.-M., Kellogg, M., & Tseng, K.-J. (2025). Family trajectories and the burden of care in the aftermath of old-age health shocks (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4741990). Social Science Research Network.
Chen, K.-M., & Lin, M.-J. (2022). Understanding adult children’s labor supply responses to parents’ long-term care needs (SSRN Scholarly Paper No. 4051859). Social Science Research Network.
Ettner, S. L. (1996). The opportunity costs of elder care. Journal of Human Resources, 31(1), 189–205.
Frimmel, W., Halla, M., Paetzold, J., & Schmieder, J. (2025). Health of parents, their children’s labor supply, and the role of migrant care workers. Journal of Labor Economics, 43(3), 803–841.
Goodman-Bacon, A. (2021). Difference-in-differences with variation in treatment timing. Journal of Econometrics, 225(2), 254–277.
Haley, W. E., Roth, D. L., Hovater, M., & Clay, O. J. (2015). Long-term impact of stroke on family caregiver well-being: A population-based case-control study. Neurology, 84(13), 1323–1329.
Ingersoll-Dayton, B., Starrels, M. E., & Dowler, D. (1996). Caregiving for parents and parents-in-law: Is gender important? The Gerontologist, 36(4), 483–491.
Kim, J.-S. (2001). Daughters-in-law in Korean caregiving families. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 36(3), 399–408.
Kleven, H., Landais, C., & Søgaard, J. E. (2019). Children and gender inequality: Evidence from Denmark. American Economic Journal: Applied Economics, 11(4), 181–209.
Ministry of Labor, R.O.C. (Taiwan) (2025), “114 年勞工生活及就業狀況調查報告[2025 Survey Report on Workers’ Living and Employment Conditions],” Ministry of Labor. https://statdb.mol.gov.tw/html/s2/svy14/1423all.pdf.
Lee, Y., Tang, F., Kim, K. H., & Albert, S. M. (2015). Exploring gender differences in the relationships between eldercare and labour force participation. Canadian Journal on Aging/ La Revue canadienne du vieillissement, 34(1), 14–25.
Liu, L., Dong, X.-Y., & Zheng, X. (2010). Parental care and married women’s labor supply in urban China. Feminist Economics, 16(3), 169–192.
Rellstab, S., Bakx, P., García-Gómez, P., & van Doorslaer, E. (2020). The kids are alright: Labour market effects of unexpected parental hospitalisations in the Netherlands. Journal of Health Economics, 69, Article 102275.
Schulz, R., & Beach, S. R. (1999). Caregiving as a risk factor for mortality: The Caregiver Health Effects Study. JAMA, 282(23), 2215–2219.
Strauss, J. R. (2013). Caregiving for parents and in-laws: Commonalities and differences. Journal of Gerontological Social Work, 56(1), 49–66.
Van Houtven, C. H., Coe, N. B., & Skira, M. M. (2013). The effect of informal care on work and wages. Journal of Health Economics, 32(1), 240–252.
Wen, J., & Huang, H. (2024). Parental health penalty on adult children’s employment: Gender differences and long-term consequences. Journal of Health Economics, 95, Article 102886.