臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

西奧多．羅斯福總統(以下簡稱羅斯福)是美國第26任總統，他的國內外政策向來極具爭議和矛盾，其黑人政策也是如此。他一方面在執政前期採取有利於黑人的政策，另一方面在執政後期對黑人士兵做出不公的處分，漠視黑人在種族暴動中的困境。而且他的黑人政策，基本上對於改善進步時代黑人處境的效果微乎其微。本論文的研究焦點在於，探討造成羅斯福黑人政策矛盾和侷限的原因。史學界主張，影響羅斯福黑人政策的因素，主要有三點：一是羅斯福為了連任總統所做的政治考量、二是羅斯福本人的種族主義思想、三是當時盛行的種族主義思潮。筆者的研究結果認為，這種歷史解釋基本上沒有錯，但論述上仍有缺失，尚待改進。例如，以政治考量來解釋羅斯福的黑人政策，有論據不足的問題，羅斯福本人就極力否認此說；以種族主義思想來解釋，則存有簡化羅斯福種族思想的現象；以當時盛行的種族主義思潮來解釋，卻著墨不深。故本文目的有二：一、說明羅斯福黑人政策矛盾和侷限的關鍵，乃是盛行於當世的種族主義思潮及羅斯福本人的種族主義思想，避免使用論據不足的政治考量解釋觀點。二、深入探究羅斯福的種族觀，強調他思考種族問題的複雜性，並以比較的方式彰顯出他與同時代人的相異之處。本論文所依據的史料主要為羅斯福的書信文集以及當時相關的報紙和書籍。

目錄
緒論 1
一、研究動機 1
二、研究回顧 4
三、研究方法 10
第一章 進步時代的黑人處境 13
第一節 黑人權益的喪失 16
一、限制黑人投票權 16
二、種族隔離 18
三、種族暴力的氾濫 20
第二節 種族主義對於黑人的歧視 23
一、科學的種族主義 24
二、史學和文學的種族主義 27

第二章 羅斯福總統黑人政策的理念 33
第一節 種族潛力相等觀 34
一、羅斯福與拉馬克學說 35
二、羅斯福與薛勒的種族觀之異同 37
1、堅信獲得性狀可以遺傳 39
2、種族的發展階段 40
3、白人和英語民族的優越 41
4、種族間優劣地位的不定性 43
三、少數黑人與白人一樣優秀 45
第二節 羅斯福對於黑人的矛盾態度 47
一、以美西戰爭中的黑人士兵為例 48
二、支持限制黑人投票權和種族隔離 50
三、譴責奴隸制和私刑 52
四、肯定技職教育與布克．華盛頓 55

第三章 羅斯福總統黑人政策的實踐 59
第一節 羅斯福與華盛頓的合作 61
一、聯邦官職任命問題 62
二、在白宮共進晚餐 67
第二節 前後矛盾的政策 72
一、印第安諾拉事件 72
二、克魯姆事件 77
三、亞特蘭大種族暴動事件 80
四、布朗斯維爾騷亂事件 84

結論 89
附錄 93
參考書目 97

參考書目
英文史料彙編：
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Harlan, Louis R., ed.. The Booker T. Washington Papers, 13 vols., Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1989.
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拉馬克(Jean Lamarck)著，沐紹良譯，《動物哲學》，台北：台灣商務，1965年。
海契格(Fred M. Hechinger and Grace Hechinger)著，湯象譯，《美國教育的演進》(Growing up in America)，香港：今日世界，1984年。
普里傑特(C. H. Pritchett)著，陳秀峰譯，《美國聯邦憲法制度》，台北：文笙書局，1991年。
鄧冰、蘇益群編譯，《大法官的智慧》(The Wisdom of Grand Justice)，台北：五南，2005年。
霍夫斯達德(Richard Hofstadter)著，郭正昭譯，《美國思想中的社會達爾文主義》，台北：聯經，1981年。
麗貝卡．斯泰福(Rebecca Stefoff)著，丁進峰、徐桂玲譯，《達爾文》(Charles Darwin and the Evolution Revolution)，台北：世潮，2004年。

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中文期刊：
伍碧雯 著，<古比諾《人種不平等之探源》—十九世紀末德國種族理論之基礎>，《成大西洋史集刊》，第十二期(2004年6月)，頁91-126。
黃文齡 著，<種族因素對於黑人女性活動影響之研究>，《歐美研究》，第三十九卷第三期(2009年9月)，頁490-532。
蔡米虹 著，<台灣學界對非裔美國人的研究討論>，《台灣師大歷史學報，第42期(2009年12月)，頁367-398。
盧令北 著，<1960-70年代美國史學家對「區域主義」、「奴隸制度」與美國內戰相關性的主要解釋>，《東吳歷史學報》，第二十期(2008年12月)，頁193-235。

英文期刊：
Calista, Donald. “Booker T. Washington: Another Look,” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 49, no. 4 (Oct., 1964): pp. 240-255.
Gatewood, Willard B.. “Roosevelt and the Indianola Affair,” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 53, no. 1 (Jan., 1968): pp. 48-69.
______. “William D. Crum: A Negro in Politics,” The Journal of Negro History, vol. 53, no. 4 (Oct., 1968): pp. 301-320.
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Wynne, Lewis N. “Brownsville: The Reaction of the Negro Press,” Phylon (1960-), vol. 33, no. 2 (2nd Qtr., 1972): pp. 153-160.
“The Night President Teddy Roosevelt Invited Booker T. Washington to Dinner,” The Journal of Blacks in Higher Education, no. 35 (Spring, 2002): pp. 24-25.
“The Peonage Cases,” Harvard Law Review, vol. 17, no. 2 (Dec., 1903): pp. 121-122.

中文學位論文：
林千凱，<美國內戰後重建的歷史解釋之演變>，台北：中國文化大學美國研究所碩士論文，1995年9月。
莊惠蓉，<美國種族平等法制之研究>，台北：國立台灣大學國家發展研究所碩士論文，2003年6月。
廖天威，<美國總統人事權與文官制度之研究>，台北：政治作戰學校政治學系碩士論文，1997年4月。
廖維達，<美國種族優惠性差別待遇——兼論我國原住民升學優惠制度>，台北：國立台北大學法律研究所碩士論文，2005年4月。
蔡米虹，<黑人出版事業家約翰．強森與美國黑人——以《黑人文摘》為例(1942-1945)>，嘉義：國立中正大學歷史所博士論文，2009年1月。

報刊及雜誌文章：
Burns, Rebecca. “Four Days of Rage” (September, 2006), Atlanta Magazine (Atlanta), pp. 141-164.
Handmacher, Jack. “1906 Race Riot” (November, 2006), Atlanta Magazine (Atlanta), p. 26.
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“Indianola and Charleston” (January 6, 1903), The New York Times (New York).
“J. S. Clarkson to work for Mr. Roosevelt” (July 5, 1902), The New York Times (New York).
“President Appoint a Negro” (November 13, 1901), The New York Times (New York).
“President Will Name Negro for Office Here” (March 4, 1905), The New York Times (New York).
“The Appointment of ex-Gov. Jones” (October 13, 1901), The New York Times (New York).
“The Crum Case” (April 28, 1904), The New York Times (New York).
“The President and Dr. Crum” (December 2, 1902), The New York Times (New York).
“The Presidents: History’s Judgement”(April 13, 1998), Time (New York), vol. 151, no. 14, p. 45.
“The Science of Race-Hatred” (July 8, 1909), The Nation (New York), pp. 26-27.
“The South and Mr. Roosevelt” (November 1, 1901), The New York Times (New York).

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Martin, Robert. The Philosopher’s Dictionary, Peterborough, Ont.: Broadview Press, 1994.
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Encyclopedia Americana, 30 vols., Danbury, Conn.: Scholastic Library Pub., 2004.
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網站資料：
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