臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

隨著英語作為國際語言的使用日益廣泛，本研究旨在比較泰國和台灣英語學生所使用的
拒絕策略。參與者包括 30 名台灣人和 30 名泰國人，年齡在 18 歲至 43 歲之間，
均來自台灣元智大學，主修英語作為外語。使用書寫話語完成任務（ WDCT ）來操縱十二
種場景的特徵，考慮社會權力和距離的社會變數。此外，該工具也用於調查性別對拒絕
策略的影響。數據是透過與拒絕援助請求有關的問捲和訪談收集的。因此，根據 Beebe
等人提出的分類法對回應進行語義公式編碼。 (199 0 年 。 研究顯示，社會權力、距
離和性別對所採用的拒絕策略有顯著影響。研究結果也顯示，泰國和台灣學生最常採用
間接策略。泰國學生對不親近的人使用間接拒絕，而台灣學生對熟悉的人使用間接拒絕。
令人驚訝的是，泰國和台灣的學生都傾向於對與他們距離較遠的人直接拒絕。在性別方
面，男性更表達間接和直接策略，而女性比男性更常附加積極或附加策略。

Guided by the increasing use of English as an international language, this study seeks to compare refusal strategies used by Thai and Taiwanese English-speaking students. The participants comprised 30 Taiwanese and 30 Thai aged between 18 and 43 who were drawn from Yuan Ze University in Taiwan and study English as a foreign language. A written discourse completion task (WDCT) was used to manipulate features of twelve scenarios, accounting for social variables of social power and distance. Moreover, the instrument was also used to investigate gender influence on refusal strategies. The data was collected through questionnaires and interviews relating to refusing a request for assistance. Accordingly, responses were encoded for semantic formulae based on a taxonomy derived from Beebe et al. (1990). It revealed that social power, distance, and gender have a significant influence on the refusal strategies employed. The study findings also revealed that both Thai and Taiwanese students employed indirect strategies most often. Thai students use indirect refusal with the interlocutors who are not close to them while Taiwanese used them with those who are familiar to them. Surprisingly, both Thai and Taiwanese students are likely to use direct refusals with people who are distant to them. In terms of gender aspect, males expressed both indirect and direct more often while females attached positive or adjunct strategies more often than males.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHINESE ABSTRACT II
ENGLISH ABSTRACT III
LIST OF TABLES VIII
LIST OF FIGURES X
LIST OF APPENDICES XI
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 RESEARCH BACKGROUND 1
1.2 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM 4
1.3 REFUSALS IN THAI AND TAIWANESE CULTURES 5
1.4 CONTRIBUTION AND RATIONALE FOR THE STUDY 8
1.5 SCOPE OF STUDY 10
1.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY 10
1.7 RESEARCH QUESTIONS 12
CHAPTER TWO
LITERATURE REVIEW 14
2.1. DEFINITION OF SPEECH ACT 14
2.2. PREVIOUS STUDIES ON REFUSAL 19
2.3. THAI AND TAIWANESE: CULTURAL DIMENSIONS 27
CHAPTER THREE
METHODOLOGY 30
3.1 PARTICIPANTS 30
3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN 33
3.3 INSTRUMENT 34
3.4 DATA COLLECTION 42
3.5 DATA ANALYSIS 45
CHAPTER FOUR
RESULT AND DISCUSSION 50
4.1. OVERALL REALIZATION OF REFUSAL STRATEGIES BETWEEN THAI AND TAIWANESE RESPONDENTS 50
4.2. THE INFLUENCE OF SOCIAL POWER AND SOCIAL DISTANCE ON THE REALIZATION OF REFUSALS BY THAI AND TAIWANESE EFL STUDENTS 61
4.3. THE INFLUENCE OF GENDER ON THE REALIZATION OF REFUSALS BY THAI AND TAIWANESE EFL STUDENTS 89
4.4. SUMMARY 102
CHAPTER FIVE
DISCUSSIONS AND CONCLUSIONS 104
5.1 CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION 104
5.2 LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS OF THE STUDY 108
5.3 IMPLICATIONS 109
REFERENCES 113
APPENDICES 124

Abarghoui, M. A. (2012). A comparative study of refusal strategies used by Iranians and Australians. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(11), 2439.
Alam, M. F., Ullah, Z., Hassan, A., & Mushtaq, R. (2022). Gender And The Realization Of Refusals: Evidence from A Pakistani University English Language Classroom. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt / Egyptology, 19(2), Article 2.
Alfghe, A., & Mohammadzadeh, B. (2021). Realisation of the speech act of request, suggestion and apology by Libyan EFL learners. SAGE Open, 11(4), 21582440211050378.
Almathkuri, J. (2021). Influence of Social Power and Distance on Request Strategies in Saudi Arabic. International Journal of Linguistics, 13(3), 95-109.
Al-Shboul, Y., & Huwari, I. F. (2016). A comparative study of Jordanian Arabic and American English refusal strategies. British Journal of English linguistics, 4(3), 50-62.
Alzeebaree, Y., & Yavuz, M. A. (2017). Realization of the speech acts of request and apology by Middle Eastern EFL learners. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(11), 7313-7327.
Ambele, E., & Boonsuk, Y. (2018). Silence of Thai Students as a Face-Saving Politeness Strategy in a Multicultural University Context. Arab World English Journal, 9, 221–231. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol9no4.16
Andama, C. Y. (2016). A Study of Refusal Strategy in English by the Students of the Department of English Language Education (Doctoral dissertation, STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY).
Austin, J. L. (1962). Speech acts. http://ndl.ethernet.edu.et/bitstream/123456789/54657/1/20.pdf.pdf#page=1019
Babai Shishavan, H., & Sharifian, F. (2013). Refusal strategies in L1 and L2: A study of Persian-speaking learners of English. Multilingua, 32(6), 801-836.
Baktir, H. (2014). Speech Act Theory: Austin, Searl Derrida's Response, and Deleuze’s Theory of Order-word. Epiphany, 6(2).
Banjongjit, B., & Boonmoh, A. (2018). Teachers’ Perceptions towards Promoting Intercultural Communicative Competence in the EFL Classroom. rEFLections, 25(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.61508/refl.v25i2.165393
Basra, S., & Thoyyibah, L. (2017). A speech act analysis of teacher talk in an EFL classroom. International Journal of Education, 10(1), 73-81.
Bhardwaj, P. (2019). Types of sampling in research. Journal of the Practice of Cardiovascular Sciences, 5(3), 157-163.
Boonkongsaen, N. (2013). Filipinos and Thais Saying “No” in English. MANUSYA, 16(1), 23–40. https://doi.org/10.1163/26659077-01601002
Boonsuk, Y., & A. Ambele, E. (2019). Refusal as a Social Speech Act among Thai EFL University Students. Arab World English Journal, 10(2), 213–224. https://doi.org/10.24093/awej/vol10no2.17
Brown, L., & Hübscher, I. (2022). 13. Distance and closeness: The im/politeness of space in communication (pp. 399–428). https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110693713-013
Chen, S.-C., & Chen, S. E. (2007). Effects of social status on American and Taiwanese EFL learners’ production of English refusals. 1(1), 8–26.
Chen, X. (2017). Speech Acts Across Cultures: Evaluations and Refusals in Korean and Chinese (Doctoral dissertation, SOAS University of London).
Cheng, W., Ickes, W., Park, A., Wu, H.-J., & Riani, Y. A. (2023). “Instant enemies” and “Instant allies” in the U.S. and Taiwan: A LIWC analysis. Frontiers in Communication, 8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomm.2023.1036770
Chojimah, N. (2015). Refusal and Politeness Strategies in Relation to Social Status: A Case of Face-threatening Act among Indonesian University Students. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 5, 906. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0505.04
Chokwiwatkul, R., & Tawilapakul, U. (2017). Indirect speech act comprehension of Thai undergraduate students in ESP context (137745). Article 137745. https://digital.library.tu.ac.th/tu_dc/frontend/Info/item/dc:137745
Etikan, I., Musa, S. A., & Alkassim, R. S. (2016). Comparison of convenience sampling and purposive sampling. American journal of theoretical and applied statistics, 5(1), 1-4.
Fang, T. (2015). Taiwanese EFL learners’ strategies in L2 responses to complaints. English Teaching and Learning, 39, 65–85. https://doi.org/10.6330/ETL.2015.39.2.03
Fuangkarn, K., & Rimkeeratikul, S. (2020). An observational study on the Effects of native English-Speaking Teachers and non-native English-Speaking teachers on students’ english proficiency and perceptions. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume, 11.
Geurts, B. (2019). Communication as commitment sharing: speech acts, implicatures, common ground. Theoretical linguistics, 45(1-2), pp. 1–30.
Gungormezler, T. (2016). An investigation of the refusal speech act of Turkish learners of English. Hacettepe University.
Guo, Y. (2012). Chinese and American refusal strategy: A cross-cultural approach. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 2(2), 247.
Hidayat, A. (2016). Speech acts: Force behind words. English Education: Jurnal Tadris Bahasa Inggris, 9(1), 1-12.
Hussein, K. W. H. A. M. (2014). The speech act of complaint: A contrastive study of Iraqi and Chinese EFL learners of English. Anbar University Journal of Language & Literature, 13.
Hyun, Y. (2020). Different cultural conceptualizations underlying intercultural business communication problems between Thais and Koreans. International Journal of Language and Culture, 7(2), 215-240.
Ismail Saud, W. (2019). Refusal strategies of Saudi EFL undergraduate students. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Special Issue: The Dynamics of EFL in Saudi Arabia.
Jackson, P., & Dunagwises, N. (2020). Review of Studies of Gender and Sexual Diversity in Thailand in Thai and International Academic Publications 1.
Jarasch, J., Jamai, I., & Gümüs, K. (2014). Speech Act Theory. Modul VII.
Kaharuddin, A. (2020). The speech act of complaint: socio-cultural competence used by native speakers of english and indonesian. International Journal of
Psychosocial Rehabilitation, 24(06).
Kaur, J. (2011). Intercultural communication in English as a lingua franca: Some sources of misunderstanding. Intercultural Pragmatics, 8, 93–116. https://doi.org/10.1515/IPRG.2011.004
Kawaguchi-Suzuki, M., Law, M. G., Prisco, J., Head, K., Fu, L., Yumoto, T., Kamei, J., Yang, M., Cheng, K., & Hogue, M. D. (2019). Cultural Sensitivity and Global Pharmacy Engagement in Asia: China, Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 83(4).
Khamkhien, A. (2022). Speech Acts or Speech Act Sets of Refusals: Some Evidence from Thai L2 Learners. Novitas-ROYAL (Research on Youth and Language), 16(1), 97-121.
Khanapornvorakarn, S., & Gadavanij, S. (2022). Intercultural Pragmatic Analysis of “Sorry” in In- flight Service Refusals by Flight Attendants: A Case Study of a Thai Airline. 63, 148–178.
Kongsompong, S. (2008). THAI SUBORDINATES’ PERCEPTIONS OF SEX, SOCIO-COMMUNICATIVE STYLE. AND VERBAL AGGRESSIVENESS ON SUPERVISOR’S CREDIBILITY [Dissertation]. Bangkok University.
Krulatz, A., & Dixon, T. (2020). The use of refusal strategies in interlanguage speech act performance of Korean and Norwegian users of English. Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 10(4), 751-777.
Langley, A., & Meziani, N. (2020). Making interviews meaningful. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 56(3), 370-391.
Lin林慧菁, G. (2015). Taiwanese Students’ Feelings toward Five Communication Strategies.
Liu, H., & Qian, M. (2018, January). A study on gender differences in speech act of refusal of Chinese college students. In 2017 7th International Conference on Education and Management (ICEM 2017) (pp. 289-298). Atlantis Press.
Lu, L., Chang, T.-T., Kao, S.-F., & Cooper, C. L. (2021). Do Gender and Gender Role Orientation Make a Difference in the Link between Role Demands and Family Interference with Work for Taiwanese Workers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(18), 9807. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18189807
Mabaquiao Jr, N. M. (2018). Speech Act Theory: From Austin to Searle. Augustinian Journal, 19(1), 1-18.
Mariani, N. (2017). An introduction to linguistics. Jurusan PBS FKIP Universitas Lambung Mangkurat Banjarmasin. https://ocd.lcwu.edu.pk/cfiles/English/Maj/Eng%20203/0BOOK-INTRODUCTIONTOLINGUISTICS2019ber-ISBN.pdf
Moafian, F., Yazdi, N., & Sarani, A. (2019). The refusal of request speech act in Persian, English, and Balouchi languages: A cross-cultural and cross-linguistic study. International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching, 60. https://doi.org/10.1515/iral-2018-0357
Moaveni, H. T. (2014). A Study of Refusal Strategies by American and International Students at an American University [Master’s thesis, Minnesota State University]. https://cornerstone.lib.mnsu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=&httpsredir=1&article=1354&context=etds
Montero, RL (2015). Most common refusal strategies used by students of English teaching as a foreign language. Magazine of Modern Languages, (23).
Morkus, N. (2014). Refusals in Egyptian Arabic and American English. Journal of
Pragmatics, 70, 86-107.
Nodoushan, M. A. S. (2016). Persian Speakers' Use of Refusal Strategies Across Politeness Systems. PhiN, 76, 61-77.
Noonkong, U., Damnet, A., & Charttrakul, K. (2024). Developing Nonverbal Communication Competence in Requests and Refusals of Thai University Students: The Intercultural Interaction Model. 11, 68–95.
Ogiermann, E. (2018). Discourse completion tasks. Methods in pragmatics, 10, 229-255.
Petrey, S. (2016). Speech acts and literary theory. Routledge.
Phaisarnsitthikarn, J., & Salih, J. (2020). The Development of Pragmatic Competence in Request Speech Acts of Thai Learners of English in Study Abroad Contexts The Development of Pragmatic Competence in Request Speech Acts of Thai Learners of English in Study Abroad Contexts. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.22380.54408
Rahayu, N. S. (2019). Refusal strategy performed by Indonesian EFL learner. Indonesian EFL Journal, 5(1), 67-76.
Rahmawati, L. E., Hidayat, N., & Kurniawan, A. (2021). Impoliteness of directive speech acts in online Indonesian language learning. Journal of Pragmatics Research, 3(2), 97-107.
Ren, W. (2015). Sociopragmatic variation in Mainland and Taiwan Chinese refusals. In Researching sociopragmatic variability (pp. 72-93). Palgrave Macmillan, London.
Ren, W., & Han, Z. (2016). The representation of pragmatic knowledge in recent ELT textbooks. Elt Journal, 70(4), 424-434.
Sahban, M. (2018). Comparison of Conflict Management Style Between Malaysian and Thai Employees: A Case Study in Top Glove Corporation. Journal of Business and Social Review in Emerging Economies, 4, 207. https://doi.org/10.26710/jbsee.v4i2.244
Samaali, I., & Bayouli, T. (2019). Speech Act of Refusal on the Phone. Arab World English Journal (AWEJ) Volume, 10.
Samransamruajkit, J. (2014). POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN REFUSAL SITUATIONS: A CROSS CULTURAL STUDY [A Dissertation, National Institute of Development Administration]. https://libdcms.nida.ac.th/thesis6/2014/b192137.pdf
Sartika, S., Fauziati, E., Marmanto, S., & Jazadi, I. (2020). Comparative Study on Refusal Strategy between American English Native Speakers and Indonesian EFL Learners. VELES: Voices of English Language Education Society, 4(1), 75-85.
Sbisà, M. (2002). Speech acts in context. Language & Communication, 22(4), 421-436.
Schoonenboom, J., & Johnson, R. B. (2017). How to construct a mixed methods research design. KZfSS Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(2), 107-131.
Schuman-Olivier, Z., Trombka, M., Lovas, D. A., Brewer, J. A., Vago, D. R., Gawande, R., Dunne, J. P., Lazar, S. W., Loucks, E. B., & Fulwiler, C. (2020). Mindfulness and Behavior Change. Harvard Review of Psychiatry, 28(6), 371–394. https://doi.org/10.1097/HRP.0000000000000277
Searle, J. (2014). What is a speech act? In philosophy in America (pp. 221-239). Routledge.
Shishavan, H. B., & Sharifian, F. (2016). The refusal speech act in a cross-cultural perspective: A study of Iranian English-language learners and Anglo-Australian speakers. Language & Communication, 47, 75-88.
Songkhro, J. (2014). Speech acts knowledge of Thai university students majoring in tourism industry in Southern Thailand (Doctoral dissertation, Prince of Songkla University).
Song, Y. (2021). Pragmatic Transfer: A Study of Refusal Strategies among Chinese Learners of English. https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/69756/gupea_2077_69756_1.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
Tenzer, H., & Pudelko, M. (2017). The Influence of Language Differences on Power Dynamics in Multinational Teams. Journal of World Business, 52, 45–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2016.11.002
Thailand.go. (2023). Top 20 countries of international students attending higher education in Thailand. https://www.thailand.go.th/issue-focus-detail/001_06_011
The Apology Strategies of Thai Language’s Japanese Learner | Journal of the Association of Researchers. (2021). https://so04.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/jar/article/view/253633
TSENG, C.-T. (2016). E-POLITENESS: AN ANALYSIS OF TAIWANESE EFL LEARNERS’ EMAIL DISCOURSE ON REQUEST STRATEGIES. International Journal for 21st Century Education, 3, 35. https://doi.org/10.21071/ij21ce.v3iSpecial.5707
Tu, W. (2016). TAIWAN AND THAILAND- CULTURAL DIFFERENCES AT WORK [THEMATIC PAPER]. Thammasat University.
Wang, Q. (2019). A Comparative Study of Gender Differences in Refusal Strategies from English Majors. Theory and Practice in Language Studies, 9, 1040. https://doi.org/10.17507/tpls.0908.24
Wang, Y.-F., Lin, M.-F., Treanor, D., & Tsai, I.-N. (2022). Disagreements in casual Taiwanese Mandarin conversations: A gender-based study. Journal of Pragmatics, 192, 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.02.007
Wang, Y. J. (2018). A comparative study on Taiwan EFL college students and native English speakers in composing English request refusal emails. Chaoyang Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 16, 47-62.
Weerachairattana, R. (2014). Refusal strategies in english by thai and chinese graduate students: a cross-cultural study (Doctoral dissertation, School of Foreign Languages Institute of Social Technology Suranaree University of Technology).
Wongsittikan, N. (2022). Patterns in Declining an Invitation: Cross-cultural differences in Korean and Thai refusals. Manutsat Paritat: Journal of Humanities, 44(1), 129-158.
Xiumin, L., & Nuan, L. (2022). A Cross-Cultural Study of Refusal Speech Acts in China, Korea, and America. Lecture Notes on Language and Literature, 5(3), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.23977/langl.2022.050301
Yaqubi, M., Rahman, W. R. E. A., & Hadavandkhani, A. (2019). Context in Distinguishing between Overt and Actual Functions of Polite Speech Acts. Journal for the Study of English Linguistics, 7(1), 95-115.
Zhao C., & Siti N. (2016). The realization of the speech act of refusals among Chinese EFL speaker in Malaysia. Journal of Education and Social Sciences, Vol.4 (June) (pp. 246-247).