臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

說故事的藝術已漸漸凋零。尤其經歷了二次世界大戰後，肇於社會秩序的混亂、資本主義價值的崩塌、和倫理體系的懷疑，文學從寫實轉向書寫「虛無」，故事於是退位。麥克•安迪，德國奇幻及兒童文學作家，便是在此背景之下出生成長。不同於當代的文學作者，對安迪而言，「故事」才是最吸引他的。安迪，在《說不完的故事》中，完美的呈現了故事的力量。被稱為「德國最後一位浪漫主義者」的安迪，強調「想像力」的重要。故事中，幻想國的滅亡危機，便是暗指人類想像力和創造力的缺乏，導致失去說故事的能力，間接驅使了幻想國的滅亡。安迪藉由《說不完的故事》，欲重新喚起被忽視的內心世界。故事書中小男孩，培斯提安便是藉由閱讀奧特里歐的冒險故事，喚起了想像。培斯提安於是憑藉文字和想像的力量，進入了故事的世界－幻想國。並在幻想國內開始了一段自我追尋的新冒險。
本篇論文主要分成三個階段討論與分析安迪如何藉由《說不完的故事》體現「故事的力量」。《說不完的故事》中，安迪混雜了相當多的元素，也因此造成了難以定義其文類的問題。第一部分，首先從幻奇文類作為討論，分析安迪如何致力於回復幻奇文學本位。第二部分首先帶入故事中的重要象徵標誌「奧鈴」作為分析。安迪將原本古老符號「銜尾蛇」，改編成兩條蛇，一黑一白，互相咬著對方的尾巴的圖騰。安迪的奧鈴，事實上便是安迪「說故事」的原始概念。對安迪而言，故事即是藉由文字的力量呈現內心的真實。於是，內心與外界就如同安迪奧鈴上的黑白蛇，是相互依賴，不可分割的關係。安迪將此概念延伸到故事中兩個世界，人類世界與幻想國度;與兩位英雄主角，奧特里歐與培斯提安的關係。意味著內心與外部世界的不可分割，並強調兩人的消長與互補。
第三部分延續討論培斯提安在幻想國冒險的意義。憑藉著文字和想像的力量，培斯提安進入了故事的世界。培斯提安的進入，便是發揮了想像力的極致。科學革命後，人類開始以理性為中心思考，否定了內在心靈與想像力的重要。內心世界的忽視，造成現代人僅憑藉著感官經驗世界。於是，外在物體就成為了沒有內在精神的「偶像」。而人類和世界的連結，因為內心世界的缺乏，造成了巴菲爾德所謂的「偶像崇拜」。培斯提安的幻想國冒險便是打破了「偶像崇拜」，進入巴菲爾德所定義人類意識演化最後階段的「最終參與」。進入了最終參與，人類猶如進入了輪迴，回復內心感知，而得到了重生。藉由培斯提安的精彩故事，讀者猶如培斯提安，得以重新整合內心與外在的統一。

In the aftermath of two World Wars, literature transformed from realistic to nihilistic writing given social chaos, the collapse of capitalism, and moral skepticism; hence, stories lost their shine. Born in a time like this, Michael Ende, one of the most acclaimed German authors of children’s literature, however, did not join this literary trend. Instead, with affections for Romanticism, he had every intention to heal the inner world of individuals with the tales of his fantasies. Scholars knew Ende as the last German Romantic writer due to his emphasis on the inner world and imagination. In The Neverending Story, the threat of Nothing symbolizes loss of the inner world. The lack of imagination and creativity leads to humans’ incapability to tell stories and further causes the destruction of Fantastica. It is through his story that Ende intends for our own inner worlds to recover.
This analysis, divided into three chapters, stresses how Ende represents the power of story in the novel. As a retriever of the fantastic genre and a conservator of the Romantic spirit, Ende borrows from various elements to enrich and contrive his story. Nevertheless, using these elements makes it hard to categorize his novel into one specific genre. Chapter One aims to redefine the novel as a “generic amalgam” by exploring the elements within the story. Continuing with Ende’s philosophy of storytelling, Chapter Two introduces the ancient symbol ouroboros, which Ende adapts into a new pattern to tell and form his story. This new ouroboros embodies Ende’s original concept of storytelling, further extended and elaborated in The Neverending Story by forming two worlds and two heroes’ quests. The relationship between the two heroes signifies the indispensable linkage between the inner and the outer worlds.
The final chapter focuses on the significance of Bastian’s inner journey and compares Bastian’s inner journeys to Barfield’s final participation. Bastian bridges the inner and the outer worlds through reading and imagination. His entering Fantastica can also be regarded as the summit of imagination. After the scientific revolution, human beings placed an emphasis on rationality over creativity and discarded the value of the inner world. This disregard of the inner world causes modern people to experience the world mainly by their senses. As a result, external objects were gradually viewed as what Barfield called “idols,” and eventually led to the irreversible idolatry. By using his imagination, Bastian’s entry into Fantastica and the ensuing fantastic adventure illustrate Ende’s attempt to rescue the vanishing inner world. Through the power of language and imagination, we readers, like Bastian, may enter the final participation and reunify the inner and outer worlds as one.

Acknowledgements........i
Chinese Abstract........ii
English Abstract.......iii
Introduction............1
Chapter One: Generic Amalgam: Retrieve, Blend and Integrate.....7
I. “Retrieve” of the Fantastic Genre........8
II. Theorizing The Neverending Story: Tzvetan Todorov’s Hesitation and J. R. R. Tolkien’s Cauldron of Story.....19
III. Generic Hybridity........23
IV. The Importance of Storytelling........30
Chapter Two: The Double Quests: The Double Ouroboros.....37
I. The Original Ouroboros vs. Ende’s New Ouroboros......38
II. Atreyu vs. Bastian: One or Double?......42
III. Bastian vs. Atreyu: From Identification and Rivalry to Indispensability.....48
Chapter Three: Bastian’s Adventure: A Metaphor of Entering the Final Participation.....65
I. Idolatry vis-à-vis Lie.........67
II. Language and Naming...........76
III. Bastian’s Inner Journey: To Reach the Final Participation.....82
Conclusion........91
Works Cited.......95

Aldridge, A. Owen, ed. Comparative Literature: Matter and Method. Urbana: U of Illinois P, 1969.
Altizer, Thomas J. J. “Review of Worlds Apart and Saving the Appearances.” Journal of Bible and Religion 384-85.
Bachelard, Gaston. The Poetics of Space. Trans. Maria Jolas. Boston: Beacon Press, 1994.
- - - . Water and Dreams. Trans. Edith R. Farrell. Dallas: The Pegasus Foundation, 1983.
Barfield, Owen. A Barfield Reader: Selections from the Writings of Owen Barfield. Ed. G. B. Tennyson. Wesleyan University Press, 1999.
- - -. History, Guilty & Habit. 2nd ed. Ed. James R. Wetmore. San Rafael: The Barfield Press, 1979.
- - -. History in English Words. London: Lindisfarne Books, 1967.
- - -. Poetic Diction: A Study in Meaning. Ed. Dr. Jane Hipolito. Oxford: Barfield Press, 2010.
- - -. Saving the Appearances: A Study in Idolatry. 2nd ed. Middletown: Wesleyan University Press, 1988.
- - -. What Coleridge Thought. Ed. James R. Wermore. San Rafael: The Barfield Press, 1971.
Benjamin, Walter. Illuminations. Ed. Hannah Arendt. Trans. Harry Zohn. London: Fontana Press, 1992.
“Bildungsroman”. The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 14 April 2012 <http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t56.e129.>.
Campbell, Joseph. The Hero’s Journey. Ed. Phil Cousuneau. Novato: New World Library, 2003.
- - -. The Hero with A Thousand Faces. 3rd ed. U. S. A.: Princeton University, 1972.
- - -. Transformations of Myth Though Time. New York: Harper & Row, 1990.
Chen, Fanfan. Fantasticism. Poetics of Fantastic Literature: The Imaginary and Rhetoric. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang, 2007.
Clute, John, and John Grant. ed. The Encyclopedia of Fantasy. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1997.
Cowell, Alan. “Michael Ende, 65, German Children’s Writer.” The New York Times September 01, 1995. <http://www.nytimes.com/1995/09/01/obituaries/michael-ende-65-german-children-s-writer.html>.
Crystal, Ellie. “Ouroboros.” Crystalinks: Metaphysics and Science Website. July 7, 2012.
<http://www.crystalinks.com/ouroboros.html>.
Dickens, D. B. “Ludwig Tieck and Michael Ende: The Old Man of the (Moving) Mountain.” Fantastic Odysseys: Selected Essays from the Twenty-Second International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts. Ed. Mary Pharr. Conn.: Praeger, 2003.
Ende, Michael. The Neverending Story. Trans. Ralph Manheim. Illus. Roswitha Quadflieg. New York: Firebird, 1983.
- - - . “Michael Ende > Quotes > Quotable Quote.” Goodreads. 2012. Goodreads Inc. http://www.goodreads.com/quotes/show/309926.
“fantastic adjective”. Oxford Dictionary of English. Ed. Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 9 January 2012<http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t140.e0287370>.
“fantasy noun”. Oxford Dictionary of English. Ed. Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 7 January 2012 <http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t140.e0287390>.
“fiction”. The Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms. Ed. Chris Baldick. Oxford University Press, 2008. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 16 April 2012. <http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t56.e459.>.
Flieger, Verlyn. Splintered Light: Logos and Language in Tolkien’s World. London: The Kent State University Press, 2002.
Garland, Henry B, and Mary Garland. The Oxford Companion to German Literature. Oxford England: Oxford University Press, 1986.
Hirota, Miguel Yasuyuki. “Fantasy, Politics, Culture.” Miguel’s Philosophical Garden. 09 Feb. 1999. 11 Apr. 2012 < http://www3.plala.or.jp/mig/olive-uk.html>.
- - -. “Talk with Ende.” Miguel’s Philosophical Garden. 01 Sep. 2003. 11 Apr. 2012 <http://www3.plala.or.jp/mig/talk-uk.html>.
- - -. “Three Mirrors.” Miguel’s Philosophical Garden. 01 Sep. 2003. 11 Apr. 2012 <http://www3.plala.or.jp/mig/three-uk.html>.
Hunter, Jeanne Clayton. “Owen Barfield: A Change of Consciousness.” The Nassau Review: 4.5 (1984): 93-101.
Kearney, Richard. On Stories. London: Routledge, 2002.
Kinnes, Tormod. Zen Sayings and Quotations. 2011.
“Mark Chapter One.” Chinese Christian Bible Study Data Website. <http://www.ccbiblestudy.org/New%20Testament/41Mark/41CE01.htm>.
Mathews, Richard. Fantasy: The Liberation of Imagination. New York: Twayne Publishers, 1997.
“Matthew Chapter Twenty-one.” Chinese Christian Bible Study Data Website. <http://www.ccbiblestudy.org/New%20Testament/40Matt/40CE21.htm>.
Miller, Frederic P., Agnes F. Vandome, and John McBrewster, ed. Ouroboros: Serpent (Symbolism), European Dragon, Self-Reflexivity, Phoenix (Mythology), Alchemy, Gnosticism, Hermeticism, Psyche (Psychology). Beau Bassin: Alphascript Publishing, 2010.
Nelson, Harold. “The Neverending Story.” Beacham’s Guide to Literature for Young Adults, Volume 5. Ed. Kirk H. Beetz. Washington, D.C.: Beacham Publishing, Inc., 1991. 2443-48. Rpt. in Children’s Literature Review. Ed. Tom Burns. Vol. 138. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
Nikolajeva, Maria. “How Fantasy Is Made: Patterns and Structures in The Neverending Story.” Merveilles and Contes 4.1 (May 1990): 34-41. Rpt. in Children’s Literature Review. Ed. Tom Burns. Vol. 138. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
Plato. “Timaeus.” The Hermetic Library at Hermetic.com. Trans. Benjamin Jowett. 1997-1999. Hermetic.com. < http://hermetic.com/texts/plato/timaeus.html>.
Pictograms: Ideogram, Emoticon, Rock-Paper-Scissors, Caduceus, Laundry Symbol, Jolly Roger, Arrow, Hazard Symbol, Ouroboros, Star, Parodies of the Ichthys Symbol, Computer Icon, Isotype, Eye of Providence, Transit Map, No Symbol, Green Dot, Harvey Balls. Tenn.: Books LLC, 2010.
“romance”. An Oxford Companion to the Romantic Age. Iain McCalman. Oxford University Press 2009. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 18 April 2012 <http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t285.e606>.
Schueler, H. J. “Michael Ende’s Die unendliche Geschicte and the Recovery of Myth through Romance.” Seminar 23.4 (Nov. 1987): 355-74. Rpt. in Children’s Literature Review. Ed. Tom Burns. Vol. 138. Detroit: Gale, 2008. Literature Resource Center. Web. 30 Mar. 2011.
Senick, Gerard J., ed. “Michael Ende.” Children’s Literature Review. Vol. 14. Detroit, Michigan. Gale Research Company, 1988.
Smitherman, Daniel J.. Philosophy and The Evolution of Consciousness: Owen Barfield’s Saving the Appearances. San Jose: iUniversity Press, 2001.
Strang, Veronica. The Meaning of Water. Oxford: Berg, 2004.
Sullivan, Joseph M. “Rewriting The Exercise Of Power In The Landuc Segment Of The Old Swedish Hærra Ivan And Chrétien's Yvain.” Neophilologus 93.1 (2009): 19-33. MLA International Bibliography. Web. 3 June 2012.
The New Testament: Recovery Version. Rev. ed. Trans. The Editorial Section of Living Stream Ministry. Anaheim: Living Stream Ministry, 1991.
“Todorov, Tzvetan”. A Dictionary of Critical Theory. Ed. Ian Buchanan. Oxford University Press 2010. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 11 April 2012 <http://dcs.lib.ndhu.edu.tw:2231/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t306.e711>.
Todorov, Tzvetan. The Fantastic: A Structural Approach to a Literary Genre. Trans. Robert Scholes. New York: Cornell University Press, 1975.
Tolkien, J. R. R. The Letters of J. R. R. Tolkien. Ed. Humphrey Carpenter. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1995.
- - -. “On Fairy-Stories.” The Monsters and the Critics and Other Essays. Ed. Christopher Tolkien. London: HarperCollins Publishers, 1997: 109-61.
Walpole, Horace. The Castle of Otranto. Ed. W. S. Lewis. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982.
Yun, Koo Dong. “Water Baptism And Spirit Baptism: Pentecostals And Lutherans In Dialogue.” Dialog: A Journal Of Theology 43.4 (2004): 344-51. Academic Search Premier. Web. 3 June 2012.
“Yvain”. A Dictionary of Celtic Mythology. James McKillop. Oxford University Press, 1998. Oxford Reference Online. Oxford University Press. National Dong Hwa University. 10 May 2012 <http://www.oxfordreference.com/views/ENTRY.html?subview=Main&entry=t70.e3798>.