臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景與目的：有鑑於文獻中完美主義性格與正、負向身心適應的關係尚有歧見，本研究乃以「素質﹘壓力模式」為概念，將完美主義性格視為影響壓力適應的前置變項，探討完美主義性格與壓力困擾、因應傾向及身心適應變項的關連性。研究目的一，提出完美主義適切的定義，建構完美主義概念與編製量表；目的二，依完美主義定義從「素質﹘壓力模式」觀點提出關連性性概念模式，假設不同類型完美主義性格與不同類型主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向及身心適應變項間有不同關連性及預測特性；目的三，進一步探討完美主義性格對正（負）向身心適應的影響是否受主觀壓力困擾與個人因應傾向的中介或調節影響。最後並探討以人口背景變項、完美主義性格及因應傾向來預測主觀壓力困擾的預測力；還有以人口背景變項、完美主義性格、因應傾向、主觀壓力困擾來預測身心適應結果的預測力。
研究方法：本研究以某大學學生400位為主要研究對象。資料收集採橫斷面問卷調查法，以團體施測包含七份量表的自填問卷：完美主義量表、大學生身心適應調查表、因應傾向量表、積極因應量表、曾氏心理健康量表、正向情感量表、生活滿意度量表。統計方法上採用項目分析與因素分析編制完美主義量表；採用皮爾森積差相關、階層迴歸分析、多元逐步迴歸分析瞭解本研究所假設的關連性概念模式。
研究結果：1.本研究建構之完美主義性格測量具有適應功能不同之雙向性特徵（適應性、適應不良完美主義），且此雙向性特徵反映在要求完美對象不同之三向度（自我要求型、社會要求型、要求他人型）完美主義之上，共可分為六類型完美主義性格。2.適應不良完美主義與不利因應傾向、負向結果有關，與有利因應傾向則無顯著相關；適應性完美主義則與有利因應傾向有關，與不利因應傾向、負向結果則無顯著相關。3.適應功能不同或要求對象不同之完美主義性格傾向，對不同類別主觀壓力困擾、個人因應傾向、身心適應結果有不同的預測性，故六類型完美主義性格具有適應效果的區辨性。4.「主觀壓力困擾」主要扮演適應不良完美主義性格與身心適應結果間的中介角色，而扮演適應性完美主義性格與身心適應結果間的調節角色，但僅限於調節憂鬱及焦慮情緒。5.「個人因應傾向」扮演適應不良完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾間的中介及調節角色，而僅扮演適應性完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾間的調節角色。6.「個人因應傾向」主要扮演適應不良完美主義性格與身心適應結果間的中介角色，也扮演適應性完美主義性格與身心適應結果間的中介角色。7. 經由多元逐步迴歸分析後可發現，以各類型壓力困擾為效標變項的預測模式解釋力介於6.3％至42.2％間；而以身心適應結果變項為效標變項所得到的逐步迴歸模式，解釋力則介於24.3％至57.0％間。
討論：研究結果拓展我們對完美主義特性的認識，並由關連性概念模式瞭解不同類型完美主義性格對不同類別主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向、正（負）向身心適應的影響及關連性，並由研究成果提出可應用於臨床身心壓力衡鑑與治療的建議，亦即以素質﹘壓力模式為概念，考慮完美主義性格因素對個人經驗壓力與因應的影響。此外，可進一步探討在壓力、因應的中介或調節作用下，三向度適應不良完美主義對憂鬱、焦慮的影響，也可以探討三向度適應性完美主義對身心健康的影響。

Research background & aims: Considering researches have brought the inconsistent connection between perfectionism and psychophysical adaptation, this study based on the diathesis-stress model and hypothesized perfectionism can be a predisposing factor to relate with subjective stress, coping style, and psychophysical adaptation. The first purpose of this study was to construe the comprehensive perfectionism concept and to develop the Bi-mode Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. The second purpose of this study was to formulate the conceptual model to test the different dimensions of perfectionism were distinctly related with particular types of subjective stress, coping style and psychophysical outcome variables. The third purpose of this study was based on the conceptual model to examine weather types of subjective stress and coping style could mediate or moderate the relation between perfectionism and stress adaptation. Finally, this study examined the predictive utility of demographic variables, perfectionism, and coping styles in accounting for variance in subjective stress, and also examined the predictive utility of demographic variables, perfectionism, coping style, and subjective stress by conducting stepwise multiple regression analysis.
Methods: Four hundred undergraduate students from a private university in Taiwan were asked to complete a package questionnaire that included the Bi-mode Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale, the Adjustment Check List, the Coping Style Scale, the Proactive Coping Scale, the Zung’s Depression and Anxiety scale, the Positive Affect Scale, and Satisfaction With Life Scale. All subjects individually completed the measures in small group sessions. Item analysis and factor analysis were conducted to develop the Bi-mode Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale. To examine the conceptual model of this study, the Pearson product-moment correlation, a series of hierarchical multiple regression analysis and stepwise multiple regression analysis were conducted.
Results: 1.The perfectionism construct was formulated and constituted bi-mode feature (i.e. adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism) and each mode included in three-dimension of perfectionism (i.e. self-oriented, socially prescribed, and other-oriented perfectionism), so in this study perfectionism could be divided into six categories. 2.Maladaptive perfectionism was significantly associated with maladaptive coping style and negative psychophysical outcome, but unassociated with adaptive coping style. Adaptive perfectionism was significantly associated with adaptive coping style, but unassociated with maladaptive coping style and negative psychophysical outcomes. 3.The bi-mode or the three-dimension perfectionism demonstrated different predictive utility when predicting particular types of subjective stress, coping style, and psychophysical outcome variables. So the six categories of perfectionism demonstrated in current validity on adaptive effect. 4.Subjective stress mediated the relation between maladaptive perfectionism and various psychophysical outcomes, and subjective stress moderated the relation between adaptive perfectionism and psychophysical outcome of depression or anxiety. 5.Coping styles could mediate and moderate the relation between maladaptive perfectionism and subjective stress, and coping styles just moderated the relation between adaptive perfectionism and subjective stress. 6. Coping styles could mediate the relation between maladaptive perfectionism and psychophysical outcomes, and also mediate the relation between adaptive perfectionism and psychophysical outcomes. 7. Results of stepwise multiple regression analysis indicated that the full regression model for predicting different types of subjective stress accounted for the variance between 6.3% and 42.2%, and the full regression model for predicting different psychophysical outcome variables accounted for the variance between 24.3% and 57.0%.
Conclusions: These results expanded our knowledge of perfection personality. According to the conceptual model of present research, we realized the influence and the link from specific dimensions of perfectionism to particular types of subjective stress, coping style, and psychophysical outcome. And we offered suggestions about the clinical application in psychophysical stress assessment and treatment. In other word, based on the diathesis-stress model, we could consider the influence of perfectionism on stress and coping. Moreover, we discussed the influence of three-dimension maladaptive perfectionism on depression and anxiety when stress and coping being the mediator and moderator, and the influence of three-dimension adaptive perfectionism on psychophysical health when stress and coping being the mediator and moderator.

目 錄
第一章 緒論
第一節 研究緣起與目的 1
第二章 文獻探討
第一節 壓力適應的相關變項 4
第二節 完美主義的定義與向度分類 11
第三節 完美主義與壓力適應相關變項的實徵研究結果 30
第四節 研究架構與問題假設 49
第三章 研究方法
第一節 研究對象 57
第二節 研究工具 60
第三節 研究程序 90
第四節 資料分析 90
第四章 研究結果
第一節 人口背景變項在完美主義性格上的差異 96
第二節 完美主義性格與壓力適應相關變項的相關及預測特性 99
第三節 探討完美主義性格與壓力適應相關變項的關連性概念模式：由中介和調節路徑檢視 120
第四節 完美主義性格及壓力適應相關變項對主觀壓力困擾、身心適應結果的多元逐步迴歸模式 163
第五章 討論與建議
第一節 討論 170
第二節 建議 202
參考文獻
一. 中文部分 207
二. 英文部分 208
附錄
附錄一 大學生的生活態度與身心適應調查問卷 217
附錄二 完美主義初探問卷 226
附錄三 《完美主義初探問卷》第二、四、五大題結果摘要 230
附錄四 完美主義特性的項目編碼及次數分配 231
附錄五 三向度適應性完美主義性格及其交互作用對壓力適應相關變項的階層迴歸分析 238
附錄六 三向度適應不良完美主義性格及其交互作用對壓力適應相關變項的階層迴歸分析 244
附錄七 假設3.1中介模式條件二、三的階層迴歸分析 251
附錄八 假設3.2調節模式的階層迴歸分析 264
附錄九 假設3.2調節模式的事後檢定迴歸線圖示 280
附錄十 假設3.3中介模式條件二、三的階層迴歸分析 284
附錄十一 假設3.4中介模式條件二、三的階層迴歸分析 294
附錄十二 假設3.5調節模式的階層迴歸分析 302
附錄十三 假設3.5調節模式的事後檢定迴歸線圖示 327
附錄十四 假設3.6調節模式的階層迴歸分析 334
附錄十五 假設3.6調節模式的事後檢定迴歸線圖示 350
附註
註1. 20
註2. 27
註3. 36
註4. 39
註5. 39
圖 表 目 錄
圖目錄
圖2.1-1 四類因應（Schwarzer, 2000） 9
圖2.2-1 完美主義的持續歷程及機制（Shafran et al., 2002） 13
圖2.2-2 完美主義的二成分模式：表現預期與適應不良之自我評估（Alden et al., 2002） 17
圖2.4-1 完美主義性格與壓力適應相關變項之關連性概念模式 50
圖3.2-1 《完美主義量表》因素陡坡圖 72
圖3.2-2 《因應傾向量表》因素陡坡圖 80
圖3.4-1 中介模式路徑圖（Frazier et al., 2004） 93
圖4.3-1 完美主義性格與身心適應結果的關連性：主觀壓力困擾變項的中介角色檢視路徑圖 123
圖4.3-2 完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾的關連性：個人因應傾向變項的中介角色檢視路徑圖 138
圖4.3-3 完美主義性格與身心適應結果的關連性：個人因應傾向變項的中介角色檢視路徑圖 144
圖5.1-1 雙向完美主義與壓力適應相關變項的關連性模式圖 176
表目錄
表2.2-1 「適應不良」完美主義與「適應性」完美主義之區別（Enns & Cox, 2002） 16
表2.2-2 多元向度完美主義量表之二因素及高負荷量向度 19
表2.2-3 「適應不良」完美主義與「適應性」完美主義之定義比較 20
表2.2-4 「自我要求型」、「社會要求型」、「要求他人型」三向度完美主義之定義比較 21
表2.2-5 本研究定義的六類型完美主義 28
表2.4-1 完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向、身心適應結果的假設性相關方向性 53
表3.1-1 研究對象的人口背景變項次數分配及適合度考驗 59
表3.2-1 本研究使用的量表工具 61
表3.2-2 「自我要求型完美主義」分量表的項目分析結果 66
表3.2-3 「社會要求型完美主義」分量表的項目分析結果 67
表3.2-4 「要求他人型完美主義」分量表的項目分析結果 68
表3.2-5 《完美主義量表》各分量尺間相關係數 71
表3.2-6 《完美主義量表》因素分析結果：三因素結構 73
表3.2-7 《完美主義量表》因素分析結果：二因素結構 74
表3.2-8 《大學生身心適應調查表》之十個分量尺 76
表3.2-9 《因應傾向量表》項目分析結果 81
表3.2-10 《因應傾向量表》之四個分量尺 83
表3.2-11 五項因應之因素分析結構 85
表3.2-12 五項因應與二項因素結構之相關 85
表4.1-1 不同人口背景變項的完美主義性格平均數（標準差）、獨立樣本t檢定及變異數分析 97
表4.2-1 完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向、身心適應結果的相關分析 100
表4.2-2 雙向完美主義性格及其交互作用分別對主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向、身心適應結果的階層迴歸分析 106
表4.3-1 假設3.1中介模式條件一的階層迴歸分析 125
表4.3-2 假設3.2調節模式事後檢定 132
表4.3-3 假設3.3及3.4中介模式條件一的階層迴歸分析 140
表4.3-4 假設3.5調節模式事後檢定 148
表4.3-5 假設3.6調節模式事後檢定 160
表4.4-1 各類型主觀壓力困擾變項之逐步迴歸模式 164
表4.4-2 各項身心適應結果變項之逐步迴歸模式 165
表5.1-1 完美主義性格與主觀壓力困擾、因應傾向、身心適應結果的相關方向性摘要 174
表5.1-2 雙向完美主義性格及其交互作用對壓力適應相關變項的逐步迴歸預測力摘要 177
表5.1-3 三向度適應性完美主義性格及其交互作用對壓力適應相關變項的逐步迴歸預測力摘要 183
表5.1-4 三向度適應不良完美主義性格及其交互作用對壓力適應相關變項的逐步迴歸預測力摘要 187
表5.1-5 完美主義性格與壓力適應相關變項之關連性概念模式摘要表 190

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