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ABSTRACT
The changes in the breeding environment have caused serious relocation of industries, including the deterioration of the environment, water pollution , increased operating costs, and strong competition pressure from abroad. Many businesses have Southeast Asia, especially Mainland China. Due to similar living habits and cultural languages, In addition, low-cost labor and vast and low-cost land are available, making mainland China the primary target for Taiwanese businesses to move abroad. Such migration of the aquaculture industry and anti-dumping of aquaculture products from mainland China in the future are a major concern for the sustainable operation of Taiwan's aquaculture. This study proposes suggestions for the migration of Taiwan's shrimp industry.
1. In the early stage of the shrimp industry, the disease of grass shrimp hit the shrimp industry in Taiwan. Taiwan scholars cited Ecuadorian white shrimp seedlings in 1996, and introduced trial-bred vannamei white shrimp penaeus vannamei, which was changed to Litopenaeus vannamei in 1997. Many businesses in the mainland have gradually promoted the breeding of seedlings and prawn farms are paying close attention to the dynamics of white shrimp breeding and breeding. The introduction of species shrimp has a good reproduction response. This shrimp has a higher survival rate, feed-saving and a short breeding period. The white shrimp can be marketed as live shrimp. Yes, white shrimp can be sold at high prices. In China, Taiwanese businessmen introduced Fujian to start breeding in 1999. Analyzing the cost and benefit of white shrimp farming in Taiwan, the most important direct costs are feed, labor (mainly wages), water and electricity, and seedling fees. In 2020, they will be 30.0%, 25.1%, 14.1% and 7.9% respectively. The cost structure of each year varies with the changes in seedling and feed prices, and the proportion of feed and water and electricity costs increases year by year as the breeding density increases.
2. Taiwan white prawns were introduced and cultivated by Ecuador, grass prawns were imported from Southeast Asia, and tiger prawns were caught in coastal waters. China; White prawns were introduced from Taiwan to cultivate Taisho prawns, harvested naturally (70%), cultivated artificially (30%), and grass prawns are imported from Southeast Asia. Breeding methods: Taiwan is dominated by intensive aquaculture, but polyculture has also been changed because of long-term virus problems. In order to reduce the pollution and disease at the bottom of the pond, more segmented aquaculture is adopted. In recent years, polyculture of milkfish, shrimp, shellfish and mullet has been developed. Taiwan's processing equipment and technology are quite modern, but in recent years, due to the impact of environmental degradation, some have invested in Southeast Asia and the mainland, and the supply of raw materials is insufficient, and some have developed frozen prepared foods. Export price: US$15.01/kg in Taiwan (based on the average price of the frozen shrimp retail market in Japan from 2019 to 2020). China’s export price is US$14.86/kg.
3. With the rapid increase in global shrimp farming in Ecuador, South America, global production has stabilized at around 2 million tons by the 1990s, and is still growing at a rapid rate of 25%. Sea shrimp is the main choice for shrimp farming, mainly including three species: Asian grass shrimp P. monodon (accounting for 75%); Japanese shrimp P.chinensis and vannamei P. vannamei. Subsequently, the farming production of vannamei shrimp increased year by year. In 2021, it has become the world's largest shrimp farming product, accounting for more than 80%. From native to South America to large-scale farming in Asian and American countries today, Penaeus vannamei has become the world's largest species of shrimp farming due to its tolerance and great consumption demand. Shrimp species: white shrimp, shrimp pond area: 1.0 hectares, stocking density: 50 fish/m², breeding days: 120 days, final size: 15 grams, total harvest: 7 metric tons (ha), survival rate: 85 %, feed conversion factor: 1.35:1, use of probiotics: 1200 kg, cost of using probiotics: US$1,500, unit production cost: US$2.1/kg, total profit: US$13,000 (US$13,000/ha).
4. The shrimp farming industry scores of major Southeast Asian farming countries are based on weights. The farming environment will take into account relevant government policies, aquaculture geographic environment, development of surrounding facilities, development potential and other factors. Among them, shrimp seed supply (10%), feed supply (10%), management team and professional capabilities (20%), natural geographic environment (10%), and surrounding infrastructure (processing plants, etc.) (Accounting for 15%), government policies (quarantine, rewards and punishments, etc.) (accounting for 5%), competitive advantage (accounting for 10%), Southeast Asia sales channels (accounting for 10%), etc. 5 points are set according to the weighted points, Indonesia (total score of 3.55), Thailand (total score of 4.45), Vietnam (total score of 4.50), Philippines (total score of 4.00), Malaysia (total score of 3.60), Brunei (total score of 3.20), Cambodia (total score 3.10), Myanmar (total score 2.60), China (total score 3.40). Sort by points Indonesia (rank 5), Thailand (rank 2), Vietnam (rank 1), Philippines (rank 3), Malaysia (rank 4), Brunei (rank 8), Cambodia (rank 9), Myanmar (rank 10) ), China (ranked 6). According to the investment zone, Vietnam is the first choice, followed by Thailand and the Philippines.
5. Vietnam is the first choice. This study compares the cost of three main shrimp farming areas in Vietnam. The cost of farming is analyzed in Binju City, Nha Trang City, Vietnam, and Jinzhen City, Vietnam. The area of shrimp ponds for shrimp farming is 0.33 hectares. Stocking density (tails/m2): 122 tails/m2 in Binju City, Vietnam, 167 tails/m2 in Nha Trang City, Vietnam, 167 tails/m2 in Jinzhen City, Vietnam, and breeding days: 130 days in Binju City, Vietnam, and Nha Trang City, Vietnam 106 days, 120 days in Jinzhen City, Vietnam, final body size: 13.7 grams, total harvest (kg): 23,700 kg in Binju City, Vietnam, 5,000 kg in Nha Trang City, Vietnam, 21,000 kg Jinzhen City, Vietnam, live in Binju City, Vietnam Rates of 99.5%, Viet Nam’s live survival rate of 84.7%, Vietnam’s Jinzhen city’s live survival rate of 90.6%, Vietnam’s Benju City feed conversion factor: 1.26:1, Vietnam’s Jade city feed conversion factor: 1.27:1, Vietnam’s gold The feed conversion factor in Zhenshi: 1.12:1, the amount of probiotics used: 120 kg, the production cost per kilogram in Binju City, Vietnam is 130 yuan: the production cost per kilogram in Nha Trang City, Vietnam is 106 yuan per kilogram: the production cost per kilogram in Jinzhen City, Vietnam is 120 kg yuan. The return on investment in Bencho, Vietnam is 83.4%: the return on investment in Nha Trang, Vietnam is 73.4%: the return on investment in Jinzhen City, Vietnam is 83.7%: the return of shrimp seedlings in Ben Tre, Vietnam (4.54 yuan): the return on investment in Nha Trang, Vietnam Shrimp income (2.88 yuan): The income per shrimp larvae (4.81 yuan) in Jinzhen City, Vietnam. The breeding process of vannamei shrimp in 2020 varies greatly depending on the region. Farmers should adjust the environmental factors at any time and adjust the operation mode in a timely manner. If the pure marine culture of vannamei shrimp is used, the harvest in Vietnam can be divided into two months to 50/ For kilograms, 30 tails/kg for three months and 20 tails/kg for four months. The larger the number, the better the price, but the relative risk is greater.
6. The international market price of white shrimp in Southeast Asia in 2020. At present, the price of shrimp in Taiwan is still the most expensive among Southeast Asian countries. This is mainly due to the low breeding rate in recent years. Coupled with strong domestic demand, the average price per kilogram in Taiwan is 8.23$US dollars. Secondly, the average price per kilogram in China is 7.73US dollars, the average price per kilogram in Vietnam is US$5.24, the average price per kilogram in Thailand is US$4.69, the average price per kilogram in Malaysia is US$4.81, the average price per kilogram in Indonesia is US$4.12, and the average price per kilogram in the Philippines is US$4.56. The cheapest should be India and Central America Ecuador. The average price per kilogram in India is 3.62 US dollars, and the average price per kilogram in Ecuador is 3.65 US dollars.
7. The factors affecting the success of shrimp farming in Southeast Asia are quite complex. The overall environment to be assessed includes source of shrimp species, natural environment, natural shrimp species, political situation and larvae, legal systems, government foreign investment policies, infrastructure, and land use. ,Labor supply, labor efficiency, shrimp culture technology, surrounding industries, water pollution and diseases, breeding density, feed supply, processing technology, corporate monopoly, environmental protection requirements, currency stability, foreign exchange control, administrative efficiency, public security, financing conditions, etc. , 5 points for each individual item, 115 points for the total points. Indonesia total points (79 points), Thailand total points (98 points), Philippines total points (82 points), Vietnam total points (108 points), Malaysia total points (97 points), Myanmar total points (70 points), Brunei Total points (82 points), India total points (74 points), Cambodia total points (75 points), China total points (93 points).
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