臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

由於都市高度開發，不透水表面也隨之取代綠覆及裸露地，造成洪峰流量及地表逕流增加。傳統上利用末端控制的方法處理地表逕流，近年來為了滿足都市發展需求，因而有新的逕流管理概念發展出來。低衝擊開發技術(Low Impact Development)利用源頭分散管理的理念，利用天然的方式處理逕流，使都市水文平衡得以恢復，目前低衝擊開發技術在國內尚未盛行，相關之研究較缺乏。
有關評估低衝擊開發技術的降雨逕流模式也陸續開發。目前應用較為廣泛的為美國環保署發展的暴雨逕流管理模式(SWMM，Storm Water Management Model)，SWMM 5.0.022為2011年推出之最新版本，新增了低衝擊開發技術的功能，其中設有入滲溝(Infiltration Trench)、雨水貯集設施(Rain Barrel)、生態滯留設施(Bio-Retention Cell)、透水舖面(Porous Pavement)、植被過濾帶(Vegetative Swale)等五項低衝擊開發技術。本研擬探討透水舖面及植被過濾帶兩項設施，選定新北市自強國中為研究區域。
首先蒐集研究地區模式建置所需資料，利用衛星影像判釋新北市自強國中不透水率及土地利用形態。再利用SWMM模式對案例地區進行模式建置，並將透水舖面及植被過濾帶依研究地區逕流路徑及適用位置為考量導入研究地區。其中透水舖面之型式為透水瀝青，瀝青舖面厚度為5cm，儲水層厚度為20cm，總面積為5843m^2；植被過濾帶之型式其頂部寬為5m，邊坡斜率3：1，縱向坡度1%，總面積為334m^2。利用台北市中正橋站兩小時延時五年重現期距設計降雨進行短期模擬，模擬導入設施後其洪峰和出流量控制效果，由於本研究並沒有實測資料，故對SWMM模式之待定參數進行敏感度分析，其中集水區取10個參數，影響出流體積之最敏感參數為Decay constant，影響洪峰流量之敏感參數為N-perv；透水舖面取9個參數，植被過濾帶取5個參數，影響出流體積及洪峰流量之最敏感參數分別為Storage Height及 Longth。並利用台北雨量站2010年至2012年逐時歷史降雨資料進行長期之影響分析，並繪出其流量歷時曲線分析。
對於台北市中正橋站兩小時延時五年重現期距設計降雨的短期模擬，可以發現應用透水舖面及植被過濾帶對於研究區域洪峰時刻的延後有限，不過洪峰流量及出流體積的消減效果明顯；對於台北雨量站2010年至2012年逐時歷史降雨資料進行的長期模擬結果得知，應用透水舖面及植被過濾帶對於降雨強度較小事件可以有效的處理逕流，且對於高強度的降雨亦有很好的功效，但是如果是對於連續的高強度降雨事件，則處理逕流的能力就會降低。

Due to urban development, most green space is replaced by impervious pavements. It results in increasing flood peak and flow volume that tradi-tionally is controlled by the end-of-pipe treatment method. To meet the rapid urban development, Low Impact Development (LID) that considers decentralized and source control concepts has been widely used for urban storm water management to restore the healthy water cycle. LID is not so popular in Taiwan. Therefore, research relative to LID is rare.
There are a lot of tools for assessing the performance of LID having been developed. Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) developed by US EPA is widely used for urban storm water management. In the SWMM version 5.0.022 developed in 2011 has functions of modeling five different LID methods such as: infiltration trench, rain barrel, bio-retention cell, po-rous pavement, and vegetative swale. Porous pavement and vegetative swale will be selected and studied in the research. Also Tzu-Chian junior high school, New Taipei city will be selected as the study area.
Firstly, impervious ratio and land uses for the study area will be obtained through satellite image. Porous Asphalt is used which has 5 cm of surface thickness, 20 cm of storage thickness, and 5843 m2 of total area. Vegetative swale has 5m of top width, 3:1 side slope, 1% of longitude slope, and 334m2 of total area. Five year return period design storm with two hours duration from Chun-Chan bridge rainfall station, Taipei city, will be used to simulate the short term impact to flood peak and flow volume for before and after installation of LID. Because there is no measured flow data, parameters influenced to the model will be tested and sensitivity analysis will be studied. For sub-watershed, 10 parameters are selected and tested. The most sensitivity parameter to flood volume is Decay constant and N-perv to flood peak. For porous pavement and vegetative swale, 9 and 5 parameters are selected and tested respectively. From the results, the most sensitive parameter to both flood peak and volume for porous pavement and vegetative swell are Storage Height and Length, respectively. In the following, hourly rainfall data from Taipei rainfall station during years of 2010 to 2012 will be assessed for long-term impact analysis and flow dura-tion curves will be drawn and compared.
For short-term simulation results, both porous pavement and vegetative swale have limited impact to time to peak but have more significant impact to both peak and volume reduction. For long-term simulation results, both porous pavement and vegetative swell have significant impact to events with small rainfall. They will also have satisfactory results for high intensity rainfall events. But they will decrease the efficiency for peak and volume reduction when there are continuous high intensity rainfalls.

摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 IV
圖目錄 VI
表目錄 VIII
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究緣起與動機 1
1.2 研究目的與流程 1
第二章 文獻回顧 3
2.1 都市化對於水文環境之影響 3
2.2 傳統雨水管理 3
2.3 低衝擊開發技術 4
2.3.1 低衝擊開發技術原理 4
2.3.2 低衝擊開發介紹 5
2.4 集水區不透水率 9
2.5 衛星遙測及影像分類 9
2.6 降雨逕流模式 10
第三章 研究方法 12
3.1 判釋介紹 12
3.1.1 判釋應用軟體 12
3.1.2 影像分類法 12
3.1.3 判釋流程 13
3.2 SWMM模式 13
3.2.1 SWMM水理演算 14
3.2.2 SWMM使用模組及套件 18
3.2.3 SWMM參數敏感度分析 22
3.2.4 SWMM建模步驟 23
第四章 研究成果 24
4.1 案例分析 24
4.1.1 案例背景資料 24
4.1.2 案例地區衛星影像判釋 26
4.1.3 SWMM低衝擊開發技術之比較及位置選擇 27
4.1.4 模式建置 31
4.1.5 案例地區集水區及低衝擊開發技術之SWMM參數敏感度分析 35
4.1.6 模式參數 41
4.2 案例分析結果與討論 46
4.2.1 短期模擬 46
4.2.2 長期模擬 49
第五章 結論與建議 56
5.1 結論 56
5.2 建議 57
參考文獻 58

中文部分

王建智(2003)，“透水性舖面入滲成效評估之研究-以淡海新市鎮為例”，國立台北科技大學，碩士論文。
呂罡銘(2006)，“應用衛星遙測影像技術解析地表不透水率之研究-以台南市為例”，國立成功大學建築研究所系，碩士論文。
林子平(2002)，“都市水循環之研究-地表不透水率之調查及逕流流量實測解析，成功大學建築學系”，碩士班論文。
林憲德、呂罡銘、孫振義、劉正千、何明錦(2008)，“應用衛星遙測與影像分類技術估算台南是地表不透水率”，都市與計，35(2):123-139。
柯正益(2006)，“都市環境透水性鋪面成效評估－以中正大學停車場為例”，國立嘉義大學，碩士論文。
黃詩弦(2011)，“都市地區雨水下水道分析研究-以宜蘭縣政中心為例”，國立台灣海洋大學，碩士論文。
張嘉玲(2008)，“低衝擊性開發之應用與發展趨勢”，土木水利，35(4)；p1-7。
經濟部水利署(2001)，“水文設計應用手冊”
經濟部水利署(2005)，“透水性舖面施工規範及驗收標準（行政院公共工程委員會制定）”。
劉保莉(2009)，“雨洪管理的低影響開發策略研究及在廈門島實施的可行性分析”，廈門大學，碩士論文。
盧姵戎(2009)，“比較不同判釋方式估算都市屋頂面積與雨水利用潛能”，國立台灣大學河海工程研究所，碩士論文。

英文部分

Arnold, J.C., (1996). “Impervious Surface Coverage: the Emergence of a Key Envi-ronmental Indicator”. Journal of the American Planning Association 62(2):243-258.
Adams, M., (2003). “Asphalt Pavement with Recharge Beds: 20 Years and Still Working”. Stormwater. 24-32.
Brattebo, B.O., and Booth D.B., (2003). “Long-term Stormwater Quantity and Quality Performance of Permeable Pavement system”. Water Research. 37:4369-4376.
Barco, J., Wong, K.M., and Stentrom, M.K., (2008). “Automatic Calibration of the U.S. EPA SWMM Model for a Large Urban Catchment”. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 133(4):678-793.
Benford, H.M., (2009). “Continuous Simulation of an Infiltration Trench Best Man-agement Practice”. Master’s Dissertation, Department of Civil and Environ-mental Engineering, Villanova University, PA.
Coffman, L., (1999). Low-Impact Development Hydrologic Analysis Companion Document to the Low-Impact-Development Design Strategies. Largo, MD.: Prince George's County, Maryland.
Collins, K.C., Hathaway, J.M., and Hunt, W.F., (2008). “Hydrologic Comparison of Four of Permeable Pavement and Stand Asphalt in Eastern North Carolina”. Journal of Hydraulic Engineering. 13(12): 1146-1157.
EPA (1999). Storm Water Technology Fact Sheet Vegetated Swales. U.S. Environ-mental Protection Agency.
EPA (2000). Low Impact Development - A Literature Review. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Ferguson, B.K. (2005). Porous Pavements. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press
Gironas, J., Roesner, L.A., &; Davis, J., (2009). Storm Water Management Model Ap-plications Manual. EPA. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati.
Goldstein, A., Giovanni K.D., and Montalto, F., (2010). “Resolution and Sensitivity Analysis of a Black-scale Urban Drainage Model”. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress.
Interlocking Concrete Pavement Institute (2008). “Permeable Interlocking Concrete Pavement-a Comparison Guide to Porous Asphalt and Pervious Concrete”
James, W., (2001). Stormwater Management Model for Environmental Design of Permeable Pavement. Models and Applications to Urban Water Systems. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, CHI.
Kwiatkowski, M., Welker A. L., Traver, R.G., and Ladd T., (2007). “Evaluation of an Infiltration Best Management Practice Utilizing Pervious Concrete”. Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 43(5):1208-1222.
Novotny, V., (2003). Water Quality. Hoboken, NJ.
Prince George's County (2000). Low-Impact Development an Integrated Design Ap-proach. Largo, MD: Prince George's County, Maryland.
Rossman, L.A., (2009). Storm Water Management Model User's Manual Version 5.0. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cincinnati.
Sameer, D., and Christine, Z., (2008). “Low Impact Development Stormwater Man-agement Planning and Design Guide”. Toronto and Region Conservation Au-thority DRAFT TRCA Water Management Guideline. Toronto and Region Conservation Authority.
Simpson, M.G., (2010). “Low Impact Development Modeling to Manage Urban Storm Water Runoff and Restore Predevelopment Site Hydrology”. Theses, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado State Univer-sity, CO .
Tsihrintzis, V.A., and Hamid, R., (2008). “Runoff Quality Prediction from Small Ur-ban Catchments Using SWMM”. Hydrological Processes. 12(2) :311-329.

參考網站

中央氣象局 ( http://www.cwb.gov.tw/ )
經濟部水利署水文資料庫 ( http://gweb.wra.gov.tw/wrweb/WaterResource.htm/ )
Bellingham Green Roofs. ( http://www.bellinghamgreenroofs.com/ )
First Street Corridor Champaign ,Illiois. ( http://www.leam.illinois.edu/1streetcorridor/ )
Greening the City. ( http://greeningthecity.wordpress.com/ )
International Green Roof Association. ( http://www.igra-world.com/ )
Low Impact Development (LID) ( http://www.epa.gov/owow/NPS/lid/ )
Raysey-Washington Metro Watershed District. ( http://www.rwmwd.org/ )
Sierra Club Green Home. ( http://www.sierraclubgreenhome.com/ )
Water: Green Infrastructure. ( http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/greeninfrastructure/index.cfm/ )