臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

摘要

本研究藉用精神分析理論，探討莎士比亞《科銳藍內斯》﹙Coriolanus﹚中科銳藍內斯這個角色。在佛洛依德理論中，焦慮是一種強烈的情緒反應，是當被壓抑的衝動即將掙開束縛時，浮到意識層面上時所引發。焦慮是一種危險信號，表示潛意識的衝動已快要壓抑不住了，這時候個體需要再動用更多的自我防禦機制來減輕焦慮，以把令人困擾的衝動再送回潛意識裡。本論文將引用佛洛依德 ﹙Freud﹚有關「焦慮」﹙Anxiety﹚以及 「防禦機制」﹙Defense Mechanism﹚的兩種觀點來閱讀莎士比亞的 《科銳藍內斯》﹙Coriolanus﹚。討論主軸將著重在科銳藍內斯為什麼焦慮不安？他如何用防禦機制來減輕焦慮？他能防衛成功嗎？
本論文首先描述前人對於《科銳藍內斯》中科銳藍內斯焦慮主題的相關評論。其後將簡要介紹佛洛依德的心理分析理論提出之焦慮以及防禦機制這兩種觀點。
第二章闡述佛洛依德的心理分析理論提出之焦慮以及防禦機制這兩種觀點。佛洛依德強調焦慮是來自於各種形式的母體分離，並強調防禦機制是自我保護的一些心理策略。個人在成長過程中將會不斷發展各種防禦機制，以應付生活上所遇到的威脅、挫折和衝突。
第三章剖析此劇中的焦慮者— 科銳藍內斯，討論他的焦慮行為，以及他如何用退化作用這個防衛機制來消除不安。
第四章探討科銳藍內斯除了用替代作用和投射作用這兩種防衛機制來減輕焦慮之外，還玩線軸遊戲 ﹙fort-da game﹚— 強制性重複 ﹙repetition-compulsion﹚來滿足慾望。
本研究的結論：首先簡要描述科銳藍內斯的焦慮行為以及如何用防禦機制來減輕焦慮；再者，科銳藍內斯透過玩線軸遊戲來完成對他母親的想像式報復。

Abstract

The study explores anxiety characterized by Freud’s suggestion that all anxiety authentically derives from the birth trauma because infant’s fear of losing the mother at birth is the first experience concerning phobia in people’s life and the defense mechanism featuring Freud’s observation that in order to reduce the feeling of anxiety, people unconsciously try their best to reduce tension brought by external and internal danger. With the application of anxiety and defense mechanism, I would like to focus on Coriolanus’ anxiety; when anxiety occurs, how he uses defense mechanism as a device to relieve pressure and how he controls his anxiety.
This thesis begins with a survey of the theme of anxiety in Coriolanus to supply a condensed overview of the critical effort in anxiety. Next, an introduction to Freudian theory of the anxiety and defense mechanism is given to set up the theoretical framework for the discussion. Finally, the chapter description is offered as an overview of the thesis.
Chapter Two discusses the concepts of anxiety and defense mechanism from Freudian interpretation. Defense mechanisms are unconscious mental process that enables us to reach compromising solutions to problems that we are unable to resolve in any other way. These internal feelings, which threaten to lower our self-esteem or to provoke anxiety, are concealed from our conscious mind. Thus, they function to help us cope with anxiety. In Freudian theory, these unconscious drives are in conflict with one another and are the cause of mental disorders. Defense mechanisms are developed unconsciously to ward off internal and external dangers, and to protect the individual from being annihilated.
The third chapter defines Coriolanus as a child-like person who feels anxious about his separation at birth from his mother in Coriolanus. When Coriolanus has a feeling of anxiety, he uses regression and denial mechanism to defend against his anxiety.
Chapter Four depicts that in addition to applying the displacement and projection defense mechanisms to relieve his anxiety, Coriolanus also employs Freudian fort-da game to gratify his desire.
Finally, the last chapter concludes the thesis in two parts: first, what is Coriolanus’ anxiety and how he unconsciously uses defense mechanism to defend against anxiety; second, by playing fort-da game, Coriolanus takes a fantastic revenge on his mother.

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements …………………………………………………………i
Abstract (Chinese) ………………………………………………………ii
Abstract (English) ………………………………………………………iii
Chapter One: Introduction ………………………………………………1
I Critical Reviews on Coriolanus’ Anxiety …………………2
II Methodology: The Framework of Psychoanalysis……………8
III Structure of the Thesis…………………………………………10
Chapter Two: Psychoanalytic Theories and Practices…………15
I. Anxiety …………………………………………………………………15
II. Defense Mechanisms………………………………………………23
Chapter Three: Coriolanus’ Anxiety and His Defense Mechanisms………………………………………………………………………34
I. Coriolanus’ Anxiety………………………………………………34
II. Regression into Child-like Behavior………………………40
III. Denial of Bond……………………………………………………49
Chapter Four: Coriolanus’ Defense Mechanisms…………………52
I. Transference of Initial Threatening Object……………52
II. Repetition Compulsion……………………………………………59
III. Projecting Life on Inanimate Objects……………………64
Chapter Five: Conclusion…………………………………………………68
I. Transference of Coriolanus' Initial Threatening Object ………………………………………………………………………… 68

II. Retaliation against Coriolanus’Mother……………………72
Works Cited ……………………………………………………………………77

Works Cited

Adelman, Janet. Suffocating Mothers: Fantasies of Maternal Origin in Shakespeare’s Plays, Hamlet to the Tempest. New York: Routledge, 1992.
---. “Anger’s My Meat: Feeding, Dependency, and Aggression in Coriolanus.” Shakespeare: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory 1945-2000. Ed. Russ Mcdonald. Oxford: Blackwell, 2004.
Allport, Gordon. Becoming. New Haven: Yale UP, 1955.
Bamber, Linda. Coriolanus and Macbeth, in Comic Women, Tragic men: A Study of Gender in Shakespeare. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1982.
Barron, David B. “Coriolanus: Portrait of the Artist as an Infant.” American Imago 19(1962): 171-93.
Barton, Anne. “Livy, Machiavelli, and Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” Shakespeare Survey 38: 115-29.
Barzilai, Shuli. “Coriolanus and the Compulsion to Repeat.” Strands afar Remote: Israeli Perspectives on Shakespeare. Ed. Avraham Oz. London: Associated UP, 1998.
Bayley, John. Shakespeare and Tragedy. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1981.
Bedford, Kristina. Coriolanus at the National: Th’Interpretation of the Time. London: Associated UP, 1992.
Berry, Ralph. Tragic Instance: The Sequence of Shakespeare’s Tragedies. London: Associated UP, 1999.
---. “Sexual Imagery in Coriolanus.” In The Shakespearean Metaphor: Studies in Language and Form. London: Macmillan, 1978. 88-100.
---. “Sexual Imagery in Coriolanus.” Studies in English Literature 13 (1973): 301-16.
Bliss, Lee. “What Hath a Quarter-Century of Coriolanus Criticism Wrought?” The Shakespearean International Yearbook, II: Where Are We Now in Shakespearean Studies? Ed. W. R. Elton and John M. Mucciolo. Aldershot, England: Ashgate, 1999. 63-75.
Bloom, Harold. The Anxiety of Influence: A Theory of Poetry. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1973.
Bradley, A. C. Coriolanus.New York: Oxford UP, 1912.
Braunmuller, A. R. Complete Pelican Shakespeare. New York: Penguin, 2002.
Brower, Reuben A. Hero and Saint: Shakespeare and the Graceco-Roman Heroic Tradition. London: Oxford Up, 1971.
Bryan, Margaret B. Volumnia— Roman Matron or Elizabethan Huswife, Renaissance Papers (1972): 43-58.
Burke, Kenneth. Coriolanus－and the Delight of Faction. In Language as Symbolic Action: Essay on Life, Literature, and Method. Berkeley: California UP, 1966. 81-97.
Calderwood, James L. “Coriolanus: Wordless Meanings and Meaningless Words.” Studies in English Literature 6 (1966): 211-24.
Cavell, Stanley. “Who Does the Wolf Love?: Reading Coriolanus.” Representations 3 (1983): 1-20.
Charney, Maurice. “The Dramatic Use of Imagery in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” English Literary History 23 (1956): 183-93.
Christensen, Ann C. “The Return of the Domestic in Coriolanus.” Studies in English Literature 37 (1997): 295-316.
Corsini, Raymond J. The Dictionary of Psychology. New York: Routledge, 2002.
Davies, Kathleen M. “The Sacred Condition of Equality－How Original Were Puritan Doctrines of Marriage?” Social History 1-2 (1976-77): 563-80.
Dor, Joel. Introduction to the Reading of Lacan: The Unconscious Structured Like a Language. Ed. Judith Feher-Gurewich. New York: Other Press, 2004.
Evans, Dylan. An Introductory Dictionary of Lacanian Psychoanalysis. London: Routledge, 1996.
Fernie, Ewan. Shame in Shakespeare. London: Routledge, 2002.
French, Marilyn. Shakespeare’s Division of Experience. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1981.
Freud, Anna. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. New York: International Up, 1967.
Freud, Sigmund. The Problem of Anxiety. Tran. Henry Alden Bunker. New York: Norton, 1936.
---. Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Ed. and trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1966.
---. New Introductory Lectures on Psychoanalysis. Ed. and trans. James Strachey. New York: Norton, 1965.
---.The Basic Writing of Sigmund Freud. Ed. and trans. A. A. Brill. New York: Modern Library, 1938.
Garber, Marjorie B. Coming of Age in Shakespeare. Routledge, 1997.
George, David. Coriolanus. New York: Thoemmes Continuum, 2004.
Givan, Christopher. “Shakespeare’s Coriolanus: The Premature Epitaph and the Butterfly.” S.
St 12 (1979).
Goldberg, Jonathan. The Anus in Coriolanus. Historicism, Psychoanalysis, and Early Modern
Culture. Ed. Carla Mazzio, Douglas Trevor. New York: Routledge, 2000.
Gross, Kenneth. Shakespeare’s Noise. Chicago: Chicago UP, 2001.
Hallett, Charles A. and Elaine Hallett S. Analyzing Shakespeare’s Action: Scene Versus Sequence. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1991.
Harding, D. W. “Women’s Fantasy of Manhood: A Shakespearian Theme.” Shakespeare Quarterly 20 (1969): 241-53.
Harrison, G. B. Shakespeare’s Tragedies. London: Routledge, 2005.
Hofling, Charles K. “An Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” American Imago14 (1957): 407-37.
---. An Interpretation of Shakespeare’s Coriolanus. Twentieth-Century Interpretations of Coriolanus. Ed. James E. Phillips. Engle-Wood Cliffs: Prentice-Halll, 1970. 84-99.
Jagendorf, Zvi. “Coriolanus: Body Politic and Private Parts.” Shakespeare Quarterly 41 (1990): 455-69.
Juhani Rudanko, Martti. Case Studies in Linguistic Pragmatics: Essays on Speech Acts in Shakespeare. Boston: America UP, 2001.
Jankowski, Theodora A. Women in Power in the Early Modern Drama. Illinois UP, 1992.
Kahn, Coppelia. Roman Shakespeare: Warriors, Wounds, and Women. New York: Routledge, 1997.
---. “The Milking Babe and the Bloody Man in Coriolanus and Macbeth.” Man’s Estate: Masculine Identity in Shakespeare. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1981. 151-92
---. “Mother of Battles: Volumnia and Her Son in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” Differences: A Journal of Feminist Cultural Studies 4, no. 2(1992): 154-169.
Kline, Paul. Fact and Fantasy in Freudian Theory. New York: Methuen, 1981.
Knight, G. Wilson. The Imperial Theme. London: Methuen, 1965.
Knight, L. C. Antony and Cleopatra and Coriolanus. Discussion of Shakespeare’s Roman Plays. Ed. Maurice Charney. Boston: D.C. Heath, 1964.
Kochhar-Lindgren, Gray. Narcissus Transformed: The Textual Subject in Psychoanalysis and Literature. University Park: Pennsylvania State UP, 1993.
Lacan, Jacques. The Seminar of Jacques Lacan: Book II: The Ego in Freud’s Theory and in the Technique of Psychoanalysis 1954-1955. Ed. Jacques-Alan Miller. Trans. Sylvana Tomaselli. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1988.
Laing, David R. The Divided Self: An Existential Study in Sanity and Madness. Baltimore: Penguin, 1962.
Low, Jennifer A. Manhood and the Duel: Masculinity in Early Modern Drama and Culture. Palgrave Macmillan, 2003.
Lowe, Lisa. “Say I Play the Man I Am: Gender and Politics in Coriolanus.” Kenyon Review 4 (1986): 86-95.
Leggat, Alexander. Shakespeare’s Political Drama: the History Plays and the Roman Plays. London: Routledge, 1988.
MacCallum, M. W. Shakespeare’s Roman Plays and Their Background. London: Macmillan, 1967.
Mack, Maynard. “The Jacobean Shakespeare: Some Observations on the Construction of the Tragedies.” Shakespeare’s Late Tragedies: A Collection of Critical Essays. Ed. Susan L. Wofford. New York: Prentice-Hall, 1996. 22-45.
Marshall, Cynthia. “Wound-Man: Coriolanus, Gender, and the Theatrical Construction of Interiority.” Feminist Reading of Early Culture: Emerging Subjects. Ed. Valerie Traub, M. Lindsay Kaplan, and Dympna Callaghan. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1996.
May, Rollo. TheMeaning of Anxiety. New York: Ronald, 1950.
Morss, John R. Growing Critical: Alternatives to Developmental Psychology. London: Routledge, 1996.
Nevid, Jeffrey S. Psychology: Concepts and Applications. Boston: Houghton Methuen, 2009.
Newton, Thomas. The Touchstone of Complexion. London: Thomas Marsh, 1581.
Olsen, Ole Andkjaer, and Simo Koppe. Freud’s Theory of Psychoanalysis. Tran. Jean-Christian Delay and Carl Pedersen. New York: New York UP, 1988.
Paris, Bernard J. Character as a Subversive Force in Shakespeare: the History and Roman Plays. Rutherford: Farleigh Dickenson UP, 1991.
Parker, R. B. “Coriolanus and the Interpretation of the Time.” Mirror up to Shakespeare: Essays in Honour of G.. R. Hibbard. Ed. J. C. Gray. Toronto: Toronto UP, 1984. 261-76.
Paster, Gail Kern. “To Starve With Feeding: The City in Coriolanus.” Shakespeare Studies 11 (1978): 123-44.
Payne, Michael. Reading Theory: An Introduction to Lacan, Derrida, and Kristera. Cambridge: Blackwell, 1993.
Pujante Luis A. “No Sense nor Feeling: A Note on Coriolanus IV,I.” Shakespeare Quarterly 41 (1990): 489.
Putney, Rufus. “Coriolanus and His Mother.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 31 (1962): 364-81.
Rabkin, Norman. “The Polity in Coriolanus.” William Shakespeare’s Coriolanus. Ed. Harold Bloom. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. 51-74.
---. “Coriolanus: The Tragedy of Politics.” Shakespeare Quarterly 17(1966): 211.
Rackin, Phyllis. “Coriolanus: Shakespeare’s Anatomy of Virtus.” Modern Language Studies 13:2 (1983): 68-79.
Ripley, John. Coriolanus on Stage in England and America. London: Associated UP, 1998.
Robert Seidenberg, M.D.＆ Hortence S. Cochrane. Mind and Destiny. New York: Syracuse UP, 1964.
Siegel, Paul N. Shakespeare’s English and Roman History Plays: A Marxist Approach. Rutherford N. J. : Fairleigh Dickinson UP; London: Associated UP, 1986.
Simmons, J. L. Shakespeare’s Pagan World: The Roman Tragedies. Charlottesville: Virginia UP, 1973.
Smith, Gordon Ross. “Authoritarian Pattern in Shakespeare’s Coriolanus.” In The Design Within: Psychoanalytic Approaches to Shakespeare, Ed. Melvin D. Faber. New York: Science House, 1970. 309-26.
Smith, Omry. Reason Not: Emotional Appeal in Shakespeare’s Drama. New York: Peter Lang, 2009.
Slipp, Samuel. The Freudian Mystique: Freud, Women, and Feminism. New York: New York UP, 1993.
Sprengnether, Madelon. Annihilating Intimacy in Coriolanus. Women in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Ed. Mary Beth Rose. Syracuse: Syracuse UP, 1986. 89-111.
Stauffer, Donald A. Shakespeare’s World of Image. New York: Norton, 1949.
Stavrakakis, Yannis. Lacan and the Political. London: Routledge, 1999.
Steible, Mary. Coriolanus: a Guide to the Play. United States of America, 2004.
Stoller, Robert J. “Shakespearean Tragedy: Coriolanus.” Psychoanalytic Quarterly 35 (1966): 263-74.
Tennenhouse, Leonard. “Coriolanus: History and the Crisis of Semantic Order.” Comparative Drama 10 (1976-77): 328-46.
Vickers, Brian. Teaching Coriolanus: The Importance of Perspective. Teaching Shakespeare. Ed. Walter Edens, et al. Princeton: Princeton UP, 1977. 228-70.
Wells, Stanley. Shakespeare Survey. Cambridge: Cambridge UP, 1981.
West-Pavlov, Russell. Bodies and Their Spaces: System, Crisis and Transformation in Shakespeare. New York: Amsterdam, 2006.
Wilson, Emmett Jr. “Coriolanus: The Anxious Bridgegroom.” American Imago 25 (1968): 224-41.
Wright, Thomas. The Passion of the Mind in General. New York: Garland Publishing, 1986.