臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

研究背景與目的：自我批評的負向想法是憂鬱病理中被重視的危險因子，Gilbert等人(2004)提出自我批評是一種面對失敗時，自己應用內在人際基模對待自己的方式，它有形式的差異，其一為厭惡自我形式的自我批評，其二為不足自我形式的自我批評，第一種自我批評來自於把失敗的自己當作敵人、惹人厭惡的，而用打擊、摧毀地方式來批評自己，第二種自我批評來自於希望藉由上下的主導和服從地位，用斥責的方式下令失敗的自己改善不足的地方。除了自我批評的負向想法外，學者發現部分憂鬱個體在憂鬱情緒發生時，會使用苦惱自責式的反芻因應情緒，這使得個體難以由憂鬱情緒中脫離，而使自己陷在該情緒中，反芻被部分的學者視為一憂鬱的近端因子。Neff(2003a)提出自我疼惜的概念，共有「自我友善」、「普遍人性」、「正念」三個主要的成分，學者認為此概念有助於個體減低憂鬱的威脅。過去雖有許多研究在探索自我批評、反芻與憂鬱的關聯，但在本地尚未有將自我批評分類進行探究的研究，亦無自我疼惜的研究，故本研究試圖探討這些概念與憂鬱的關聯性，期待能對個體憂鬱的問題有個深入的了解。
研究方法：本研究包含兩個子研究，研究一以202名大學生和研究生為樣本，檢驗本研究中文化的自我批評與自我安慰形式量表的量表結構和心理計量特性；研究二以214名年齡為18至40歲的成人為樣本，進行自我批評、自我疼惜和苦惱自責式反芻與憂鬱的關聯性研究，研究工具為「自我批評與自我安慰形式量表」、「自我疼惜量表」、「中文反應風格量表修訂短版」、「流行病學中心憂鬱症狀量表」四份自陳式量表。
研究結果：(1)中文化自我批評與自我安慰形式量表的各分量表內部一致性信度和再測信度為皆大於0.6，量表結構與原量表相同可萃取3個因子，故此中文化量表為一合適的測量工具(2)厭惡自我形式的自我批評、苦惱自責式反芻程度越高，憂鬱程度越高；自我疼惜越高，憂鬱程度越低，(3)厭惡自我形式的自我批評越高，苦惱自責式反芻越高；自我疼惜越高，苦惱自責式反芻越低，(4)厭惡自我形式的自我批評、不足自我形式的自我批評、苦惱自責式反芻可同時預測憂鬱程度，其迴歸公式為，憂鬱=.388×厭惡自我形式的自我批評+.320×不足自我形式的自我批評+.138×苦惱自責式反芻；自我疼惜、苦惱自責式反芻可同時預測憂鬱程度，其迴歸公式為，憂鬱=-.558×自我疼惜+.192×苦惱自責式反芻(5)苦惱自責式反芻為是厭惡自我形式的自我批評和憂鬱的部分中介變項；苦惱自責式反芻是自我疼惜和憂鬱的部分中介變項。

Introduction and purpose: Self-criticism has been considered as one of the vulnerability factors of depression. Gilbert et al. (2004) proposed that there were two forms of self-criticism. One form was the inadequate self which focused on mistakes and sense of inadequacy, and the other was the hated self which wanted to hurt the self and felt self-hate. Rumination was also considered as another vulnerability factor of depression. Spasojevic & Alloy (2001) contended that rumination was a potential common mechanism linking risk factors with depression. Self compassion had three main components: self-kindness, sense of common humanity, and mindfulness. Neff (2003a) argued that self-compassion could promote one’s positive psychology, and protect an individual from depression. However, no studies to date have examined the effects of different forms of self-criticism and self compassion on rumination and depression in Taiwan. In order to examine the possible links among self-criticism, self-compassion, rumination, and depression, the present study examined the mediation effect of brooding on the relationship between the hated self of self-criticism and depression, and the mediation effect of brooding on the relationship between self-compassion and depression.
Method: Study 1 examined the psychometric properties of the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale-Chinese Version with a sample of 202 undergraduate students. In Study 2 , 214 adults who were 18-40 years old were administered the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale, long version of the Self-Compassion Scale, Response Style Questionnaire-Short Form-Revised, and the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale.
Result: The results indicated that: (1) the Forms of Self-Criticizing/Attacking and Self-Reassuring Scale-Chinese Version had good psychometric properties; (2) the hated self of self-criticism and depression had positive correlation; (3) self compassion and depression had negative correlation; (4) brooding and depression had positive correlation; (5) the hated self of self-criticism and brooding had positive correlation; (6) self compassion and brooding had negative correlation; and (7) the indirect effects of the mediation model were significant.

摘要 Ⅰ
Abstract Ⅲ
目錄 Ⅴ
表目錄 Ⅹ
圖目錄 Ⅻ
附錄 Ⅸ

目錄
第一章 緒論與文獻回顧 1
第一節 憂鬱 2
壹、 憂鬱定義 2
貳、 正負向情感、動機系統與憂鬱的關係 3
第二節 自我批評 6
壹、 Gilbert的自我批評理論 6
貳、 其它的自我批評理論 8
參、 本地研究 10
肆、 小結 11
第三節 自我疼惜 14
壹、 自我疼惜的定義 14
貳、 自我疼惜對憂鬱的影響 15
參、 自我疼惜與自我批評、自我安慰的關係 18
肆、 小結 19
第四節 反芻 19
壹、 反芻的定義 19
貳、 情感系統、動機系統對情緒調節策略和反芻的影響 21
參、 反芻與自我批評 22
肆、 反芻與自我疼惜 24
伍、 小結 24
第五節 研究目的與假設 25
壹、 概念模式 27
貳、 研究目的 29
參、 研究假設 29
第二章 研究方法 32
第一節 研究一：中文化自我批評與自我安慰形式量表 32
壹、 研究對象 32
貳、 研究程序 32
參、 研究工具 32
肆、 資料分析 33
第二節 研究二：自我批評、自我疼惜與反芻反應風格和憂鬱程度的關聯 34
壹、 研究對象 34
貳、 研究程序 34
參、 研究工具 34
肆、 資料分析 37
第三章 研究結果 40
第一節 研究一 40
壹、 樣本人口統計資料分析 40
貳、 探索性因素分析 41
參、 驗證性因素分析 45
肆、 內部一致性信度 46
伍、 再測信度 46
陸、 自我厭惡形式的自我批評、不足自我形式的自我批評、自我安慰的性別差異 47
柒、 小結 47
第二節 研究二 48
壹、 樣本人口統計資料分析 48
貳、 預測變項的描述統計和相關分析 52
參、 對憂鬱的迴歸預測 53
肆、 苦惱自責式反芻的中介效果 56
伍、 小結 59
第四章 討論 60
第一節 綜合討論 60
壹、 中文化自我安慰和自我批評形式量表為一合宜的測量工具 61
貳、 研究變項的相關性 62
參、 對憂鬱的迴歸預測 63
肆、 反芻的中介效果 64
伍、 中介路徑的爭議 65
第二節 研究貢獻 66
壹、 學術貢獻 66
貳、 研究結果在臨床上的應用 67
第三節 研究限制 67
壹、 研究對象 67
貳、 測量工具 68
第四節 未來研究方向 68
壹、 樣本族群延伸 68
貳、 效標變項 68
參、 自我批評形式差異的比較與影響 69
肆、 依據素質壓力理論，觀察生活壓力與研究變項的交互作用對憂鬱的影響 69
伍、 因果關係的觀察 69
附錄A 自我批評與自我安慰形式量表-使用授權書 79
附錄B 自我疼惜量表-使用授權書 80
附錄C 中文反應風格量表修訂短版-使用授權書 81
附錄D 自我批評與自我安慰形式量表-各研究的因素分類對照 82
附錄E 自我批評與自我安慰和自我疼惜六因素的相關 84
附錄F 以苦惱自責式反芻為「不足自我形式的自我批評與憂鬱」的中介變項 85
附錄G 以厭惡自我形式的自我批評為「苦惱自責式反芻與憂鬱」的中介變項 86

附表目次
表1- 1自我批評與憂鬱的研究列表 12
表1- 2 自我批評概念比較 14
表1- 3自我批評與自我疼惜比較表 19
表1- 4以反芻為中介變項的研究 25

表3- 1 研究一 基本人口變項統計資料 (有效樣本=202人) 40
表3- 2 中文版自我批評與自我安慰形式量表(22題) _因素負荷摘要表(特徵值大於1) 42
表3- 3中文版自我批評與自我安慰形式量表(16題)_ 因素負荷摘要表 43
表3- 4 中文版自我批評與自我安慰形式量表(22題) _因素負荷摘要表(限制抽取3因素) 44
表3- 5中文版自我批評與自我安慰形式量表(18題)_ 因素負荷摘要表 44
表3- 6 中文化自我批評與自我安慰形式量表16題和18題版本驗證性因素分析適配度比較 46
表3- 7「自我批評與自我安慰形式量表」再測樣本的描述統計 47
表3- 8兩性在自我批評與自我安慰形式三個分量表的描述統計與T檢定 47
表3- 9網路問卷組和團體紙本組的描述統計與t檢定 49
表3- 10研究二 基本人口變預統計資料 (有效樣本=214人) 50
表3- 11 各變項得分性別差異的描述統計與T檢定 51
表3- 12 研究二中變項的平均數、標準差和各變項間的相關分析。 52
表3- 13 所有預測變項對憂鬱的統計/逐步迴歸 54
表3- 14 共線性診斷 54
表3- 15 厭惡自我形式的自我批評、不足自我形式的自我批評、苦惱自責式反芻預測憂鬱傾向的逐步多元迴歸分析摘要表 55
表3- 16自我疼惜、苦惱自責式反芻 預測憂鬱傾向的逐步多元迴歸分析摘要表 56
表3- 17 以苦惱自責式反芻為「厭惡自我形式的自我批評與憂鬱」的中介變項_階層迴歸分析表 57
表3- 18 以苦惱自責式反芻為「自我疼惜與憂鬱」的中介變項_階層迴歸分析表 58

表4- 1 研究主要成果假設驗證摘要表 60


附圖目次
圖1- 1概念模式 28
圖1- 2 研究概念圖 28

圖2- 1中介效果示意圖 39

圖3- 1陡坡圖 41
圖3- 2 以苦惱自責式反芻為「厭惡自我形式的自我批評和憂鬱」間中介變項之路徑圖 57
圖3- 3 以苦惱自責式反芻為「自我疼惜和憂鬱」間中介變項之路徑圖 59

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