臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

I. 為瞭解北投溫泉區因硫磺氣而形成的酸性氣膠之特性，本研究在鄰近溫泉源地熱谷的逸仙國小、北投國小及鄰近龍鳳谷、硫磺谷的惇敘工商使用蜂巢式套管採樣器及被動式採樣瓶進行為期一年的酸性氣膠採集，包括二氧化氮、亞硝酸、硝酸、二氧化硫等酸性氣體及亞硝酸鹽、硝酸鹽、硫酸鹽等酸性粒狀物，以瞭解其濃度、組成、來源及季節變化。
結果顯示，逸仙國小、北投國小及惇敘工商之二氧化氮濃度分別為：13.67μg/m3、15.05μg/m3、11.37μg/m3；二氧化硫濃度為：7.77μg/m3、7.09μg/m3、18.09μg/m3；硝酸鹽濃度分別為：2.38μg/m3、2.33μg/m3、1.95μg/m3；硫酸鹽濃度分別為：8.75μg/m3、7.02μg/m3、7.4μg/m3。其中惇敘工商採樣點之二氧化硫濃度顯著高於逸仙國小及北投國小採樣點濃度。北投溫泉區之酸性氣膠濃度雖未高於其他研究，但其酸度為11.35-12.04 nmole/m3及硫化合物佔酸性氣膠的組成比例為35.6-59.97％，均較其他於台北都會區所進行的研究高。
氫離子與硫酸根離子的比值小於0.5，顯示其酸鹼中和程度良好，可推測粒狀酸性氣膠型態應是以(NH4)2SO4及(NH4)3H(SO4)2為主，而硝酸鹽部分僅佔粒狀物之20-30%。推測該區污染來源應是機動車輛的排放及硫磺氣的污染及經由光化學反應所形成的二次污染物。
北投溫泉區之酸性氣膠濃度也因季節不同而不同，大部分的酸性氣膠污染物以春夏兩季較高，本研究亦發現氣象條件，如風向、日照強度、濕度，可能為影響溫泉區酸性氣膠濃度變化之重要因素。若與環保署之士林、陽明監測站相比較，本研究發現北投溫泉區與士林站含氮污染物有良好的相關性，應屬於相同污染擴散範圍。但是，硫磺氣所導致之硫污染則使北投溫泉區與陽明站之硫的相關性更高，亦證明硫磺氣的確對北投溫泉區造成影響。
本研究之北投溫泉區酸性氣膠特性資料，可作為未來研究該區居民或老人、小孩等敏感性族群是否較易引起呼吸道疾病等相關研究的基礎。
II. 為了瞭解北投溫泉區學生長期在酸性氣膠暴露之下是否對上呼吸道健康造成顯著的影響，本研究以先前溫泉區酸性氣膠研究區域進行問卷調查，對象包含兩所國小及一所高中，並與非溫泉區國小學童進行比較，以瞭解北投溫泉區國小學童及高中學生之上呼吸道健康情形。
結果顯示，除了哮喘症狀盛行率為非溫泉區較高外，其餘症狀均以溫泉區較高，但溫泉區與非溫泉區國小學童上呼吸道症狀盛行率則無達到統計上顯著差異，而同為溫泉區之國小學童及高中學生部分上呼吸道症狀盛行率則有達到統計上顯著的差異。溫泉區與非溫泉區學生之上呼吸道症狀之季節盛行率均以秋季及冬季較高，此與北投溫泉區大部分的酸性氣膠為春夏季濃度較高並不相符，可能是其他造成上呼吸道症狀發生的因子所導致的結果。另外，本研究亦發現家庭環境狀況（如抽煙、拜香、使用通風設備、飼養寵物、舖設地毯等）、在學校聞到硫磺味及被診斷有呼吸道疾病與上呼吸道症狀的發生具有相關性。
本研究發現，與非溫泉區之國小學童相比較，溫泉區之國小學童暴露在酸性氣膠濃度較非溫泉區低的情形下，仍有與非溫泉區之國小學童相近的上呼吸道症狀盛行率，可能與溫泉區酸度較高有關。此外，溫泉區之高中學生上呼吸道症狀盛行率有較國小學童高的情形，一般來說，高中學生在呼吸道發育上已較小學生完整，並已脫離症狀好發年齡，因此上呼吸道症狀發作頻率應低於國小學童，但實際結果卻非如此，本研究認為可能與高中生接觸到高濃度的硫磺氣與酸性氣膠環境有關，又惇敘工商旁就是硫磺氣噴出口，因而使得過去有相關疾病史的學生較容易發生症狀。未來可對其他敏感性族群進行相關的研究，並將本研究之推論再做進一步的研究。

I. This study presented data on ambient concentrations of acid aerosols at three monitoring sites in Peitou hot spring area. The location of Yi-Shian primary school and Peitou primary school sites were near DireKu, a hot spring spot, and the location of Tun-Hsu technical & commercial high school site was near the LongFengku and LiuHuangku, too. The Peitou hot spring area was concerned about the acid aerosols concentrations because of its elevated levels of sulfur gas. We used the honeycomb denuder sampler and the passive bubbler to collect acid aerosols for one year during 1999-2000, including acid gases, such as nitrogen dioxide, nitrous acid, nitric acid, and sulfur dioxide, as well as acid particles, such as nitrite, nitrate, and sulfate. The objectives of this study were to investigate the concentrations, composition, sources, spatial pattern and temporal pattern of acid aerosols in Peitou hot spring area.
The result indicated that the concentrations of nitrogen dioxide at Yi-Sien site, Peitou sites, and Tun-Hsu site were 13.67μg/m3, 15.05μg/m3, and 11.37μg/m3. Sulfur dioxide at Yi-Sien site, Peitou sites, and Tun-Hsu site were 7.77μg/m3, 7.09μg/m3, and 18.09μg/m3. Nitrate at Yi-Sien site, Peitou sites, and Tun-Hsu site were 2.38μg/m3, 2.33μg/m3, and 1.95μg/m3. Sulfate at Yi-Sien site, Peitou sites, and Tun-Hsu site were 8.75μg/m3, 7.02μg/m3, and 7.4μg/m3. The concentrations of sulfur dioxide at Tun-Hsu site were significantly higher than those at Yi-Sien and Peitou sites.
No significant difference in acid aerosols concentrations was found between Peitou hot spring area and other Taipei metropolitan obtained from previous researches. However, the acidity (11.35-12.04 nmole/m3) and fraction of sulfur compounds in acid aerosols (35.6-59.97%) in Peitou hot spring area were higher than those in Taipei metropolitan.
The ratio of hydrogen ion-to-sulfate (H+/SO42-) was lower than 0.5, which meant that highly neutralization occurred in the area and (NH4)2SO4 and (NH4)3H(SO4)2 were predominant acid aerosols. The nitrate was only 20-30% among acid particulate, a relatively lower fraction as compared to other Taipei area. We found that motor vehicles, sulfur gas and secondary pollutants—a photochemical reaction product—were major pollution sources for this region.
The concentrations of acid aerosols in Peitou hot spring area varied with seasons. Some components of acid aerosols were higher in spring and summer. We also found that weather conditions, such as wind direction, sunshine, and humidity, could affect the composition of acid aerosols in Peitou hot spring area. If we compared the obtained data with the Shih-Lin and Yang-Ming air monitoring stations set by Taiwan EPA, we found that the nitrogen compounds in Peitou hot spring area and in Shih-Lin Station were highly correlated, however, sulfur compounds in Peitou hot spring area were more related to Yang-Ming Station rather than Shih-Lin station, it confirmed that the sulfur pollutants in Peitou hot spring area came from a regional sulfur gas, while nitrogen compounds came from motor vehicles emission and human activities.
This study described the characteristics of acid aerosols in Peitou hot spring area, and these baseline data provide valuable information for further research.
II.The objectives of this study were to estimate the health effects of upper respiratory tract of students who were long-term exposed to the acid aerosols in Peitou hot spring area. Subjects were selected from the students of two primary schools and one high school in Peitou hot spring area. Another primary school in non hot spring area served as control groups. A constructive questionnaire devised from the American Thoracic Society was distributed to every subject and completed by subject’s parent or subject him — or herself.
The results indicated that all upper respiratory prevalences were higher in Peitou hot spring area than those in non hot spring area, except the wheeze symptom —a lower prevalence in Peitou hot spring area was lower than that in non hot spring area. However, the differences were not significant in statistics (p>0.05) for all of the symptoms of primary school students. It was noted that high school students appeared a significantly higher prevalence than the primary school students in Peitou hot spring area for some upper respiratory symptoms.
The prevalences of upper respiratory symptoms of the students in Peitou hot spring and non hot spring areas were higher in autumn and winter than other seasons. It appeared that the seasonal prevalences were not consistent with the fluctuation of seasonal of acid aerosols concentrations in Peitou hot spring area. Other factors, such as temperature and humidity, might play more significant role on the upper respiratory tract symptoms than the moderate level of air pollution. We found that upper respiratory symptoms, house conditions (such as smoking, incense smoke, ventilation, pet, carpet, etc.), subjects’ sensible to sulfur gas in school, and subjects’ health history were highly correlated with each other.
In previous study, we found that the primary school students in Peitou hot spring area were exposed to higher portions of sulfur compounds in acid aerosols and acidity than the primary school students in non hot spring area. However, present study showed that the prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms in the Peitou hot spring area and non hot spring area were similar. Meanwhile, the prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms of high school students were supposed to be low due to the mature of the respiratory organs. However, the result was opposite. We suggested the elevated levels of sulfur gas and acid aerosols were significant factors for the outcome. Actually, the location of Tun-Hsu technical & commercial high school was very close to sulfur gas source, so the students who had upper respiratory diseases history were easily to suffer from related symptoms due to current acid aerosols exposure.

I.
目錄…I
表目錄…III
圖目錄…VI
附錄目錄…VII
中文摘要…VIII
Abstract…X
第一章前言…1
第一節 研究動機…1
第二節 研究目的…2
第二章文獻回顧…3
第一節 大氣中酸性氣膠之特性…3
第二節 國內外酸性氣膠之研究…7
第三節 酸性氣膠對人體健康的影響…9
第三章 材料與方法…11
第一節 材料…11
第二節 方法…15
第四章 結果…25
第一節 各採樣點酸性氣膠濃度分佈…25
第二節 不同地區酸性氣膠濃度之比較…33
第三節 與過去相關研究之比較…37
第四節 本研究之品質保證與品質管制…40
第五章 討論…41
第一節 溫泉源酸性氣膠污染特性…41
第二節 溫泉區酸性氣膠組成、濃度及來源…42
第三節 溫泉區酸性氣膠之季節變化趨勢…45
第四節 不同地區酸性氣膠濃度之比較…48
第五節 與過去相關研究之比較…50
第六節 品質保證與品質管制…51
第六章 結論與建議…52
參考文獻…53
表…58
圖…82
附錄…94
II.
目錄…I
表目錄…III
附錄目錄…VI
中文摘要…VII
Abstract…VIII
第一章前言…1
第一節 研究動機…1
第二節 研究目的…2
第二章文獻回顧…3
第一節 大氣中酸性氣膠之特性…3
第二節 酸性氣膠對健康的影響…3
第三節 其他影響呼吸道健康的因素…8
第四節 有關呼吸道健康之流行病學研究…10
第三章 材料與方法…12
第一節 研究地區與研究對象…12
第二節 上呼吸道健康狀況問卷調查…13
第三節 統計分析…14
第四章 結果…16
第一節 環境監測資料…16
第二節 學生基本資料…16
第三節 學生健康資料…17
第四節 上呼吸道症狀單變項危險因子分析…21
第五節 上呼吸道症狀多變項危險因子分析…24
第五章 討論…31
第一節 環境監測資料之比較…32
第二節 溫泉區與非溫泉區國小學童之比較…32
第三節 溫泉區國小學童與高中學生之比較…35
第六章 結論與建議…39
參考文獻…41
表…48
附錄…90

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II.
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