臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

關於少數群體的相關研究在近些年受到更多的重視，例如種族弱勢群體、女性群體、黑人群體以及殘障人士等。有研究指出，同志群體（LGBTQ）的身份對創業者來說是一個明顯的障礙，但關於同志群體的創業研究仍是一個較少被討論的議題。針對現有研究文獻中的缺口，本研究旨在探究同志身份的創業家其創業決策和創業過程。本研究通過深度半結構式訪談，對20名分別來自拉丁美洲、亞洲及歐洲的同志企業家的創業動機和創業經歷進行分析，探究哪些原因支持其創業過程，與其社會的關聯和網路的效力。 本研究發現，同志少數群體的經歷雖然會帶來諸多限制，但一定情況下也會激勵他們成為創業家。雖然他們中大多數都曾遭受到不同程度的偏見或歧視，但相關的經歷也一定程度上幫助他們了解市場趨勢，或激勵他們創業尋求社會認可。

Minority group research has been more frequently studied throughout the past years, involving ethnic minorities, women, Latinos, blacks, and disabled individuals. Research has clearly stated to the knowledge of LGBTQ entrepreneurs that possessing an LGBTQ identity represents an obstacle to defeat, however, entrepreneurship among LGBTQ members remains a topic barely studied. Therefore, the main objective of this study is to explore the entrepreneurship decision and process of those with IGBTQ identity. To achieve our goal, we have executed a qualitative analysis of data collected from interviews with twenty LGBTQ entrepreneurs located in Latin-America, Asia and Europe. We investigate which factors facilitate this process, the connection to their community and the effectiveness of this network, whether it is negative or positive. It is observed that although many of them suffered from bias or discrimination, such restriction may also help them to sense market trends or motivate them to seek for social recognition as entrepreneurs.

Title Page i
Letter of Approval ii
Abstract in Chinese iii
Abstract in English iv
Acknowledgements v
Table of Contents vi
List of Figures viii
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
1.1 Thesis Structure 3
Chapter 2 Literature Review 4
2.1 Theoretical Framework 4
2.2 Entrepreneurship 4
2.2.1 Entrepreneurship in Minority Groups 6
2.2.1.1 LGBTQ as a minority group 6
2.2.1.2 Women as a minority group 7
2.2.1.3 Immigrant as a minority group 8
2.2.1.4 Less - educated as a minority group 8
2.2.1.5 Latin-Americans and blacks as a minority group 9
2.2.1.6 Disabled entrepreneurs as a minority group 10
2.3 LGBTQ Entrepreneurship 10
2.3.1 Lesbian Identity and Entrepreneurial Identity 11
2.3.2 Gay Identity and Entrepreneurial Identity 12
2.3.3 Bisexual Identity and Entrepreneurial Identity 13
2.3.4 Transgender Identity and Entrepreneurial Identity 14
2.3.5 Queer Identity and Entrepreneurial Identity 14
Chapter 3 Methodology 16
3.1 Research Design 16
3.2 Qualitative Study 17
3.3 Locational Context 18
3.4 Sample Selection 18
3.5 Interview Process 19
3.6 Data Analysis Process 20
Chapter 4 Data Analysis 22
4.1 Findings 22
4.1.1 Inspiration of the Entrepreneurs 22
4.1.1.1 Pursuit of Economic Independence 22
4.1.1.2 Break society’s/family’s stereotype towards LGBTQ identity 24
4.1.1.3 Challenge in personal career push to become an entrepreneur 26
4.1.1.4 Education experiences 27
4.1.1.5 Family inspiration / support 29
4.1.2 Initial Business Development 32
4.1.2.1 Entrepreneurial Spirit 32
4.1.2.2 Supportive Network (family, friends and religion) 33
4.1.3. Challenges During the Process 35
4.1.3.1 Social Discrimination 35
4.1.3.2 Discrimination Against Businesses 36
4.1.3.3 Lack of Support from the LGBTQ Community 38
4.1.3.4 Rejection from Christian Institutions (Church) 40
4.1.3.5 Low Trust Towards Government Lack of Protection Laws 41
4.1.3.6 Inadequate Legal and Institutional Support 42
4.1.4 Adjustments During the Process 43
4.1.4.1 Patience and Perseverance 43
4.2 Results 45
4.2.1 Business Results 45
4.2.2 Personal Results 46
4.2.2.1 Social Impacts 47
4.2 Discussion 48
4.3 Conclusions 53
Chapter 5 Limitations and Further Research 56
5.1 Limitations 56
5.2 Further Research 57
References 59
Appendixes 62

Alvarado, F. E. (2014, Febrero 21). An empowerment model of entrepreneurship for people with disabilities in the United States. Psychosocial Intervention , 145-150. Retrieved from https://journals.copmadrid.org/pi/art/j.psi.2014.07.002
Alvermann, D. E. (2010). Handbook of Reading Disability Research . New York : McGill-Franzen & R. L. Allington.
Amnesty International. (2020, May 13). LGBTQI Rights . Retrieved from Amnesty International : https://www.amnesty.org/en/what-we-do/discrimination/lgbt-rights/
Arthur W. Blume, .. A. (2011). Addiction Treatment Disparities. Science Direct , 319. Retrieved from https://reader.elsevier.com/reader/sd/pii/B9780123743480000161?token=E5D80A0F7851EE389E204997B5793FAA9FB6DF01E33283F3DCA6A95034A6DA41C0485F74F6638EFC290B0C3EDAD31D1F
Attila Bruni, S. G. (2004). Doing Gender, DoingEntrepreneurship: An EthnographicAccount of Intertwined Practices. Malden , UK & USA : Blackwell Publishing Ltd. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1468-0432.2004.00240.x
Auten, J. S. (2017, September 19). Why Every Queer Person Should Become An Entrepreneur. Retrieved from Forbes: https://www.forbes.com/sites/debtfreeguys/2017/09/19/why-every-queer-person-should-become-an-entrepreneur/#549fc4851e54
Balachandra, L. a. (2019). Women for Women in Entrepreneurship: Understanding the Role of Other Women for Women’s Entrepreneurship. Bingley , United Kingdom : Emerald Publishing Limited. Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=HQSqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PR6&lpg=PR6&dq=978-1-78973-290-0,&source=bl&ots=MxtUepSx3o&sig=ACfU3U02F8v_O2HpZTdoLkQ9_pCMjTypBQ&hl=es-419&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiZ2tnSsLrpAhUmGKYKHQ8bAssQ6AEwAXoECBYQAQ#v=onepage&q=978-1-78973-290-0%2C&f=fa
Bennett, J. M. (2000, Jan - April ). "Lesbian-Like" and the Social History of Lesbianisms. Journal of the History of Sexuality, 9.
Berglund, K. G. (2016). Provoking identities: entrepreneurship and emerging identity positions in rural development . Entrepreneurship & Regional Development , 76-96.
Bhat, A. (2020, December 9). SNOWBALL SAMPLING: DEFINITION, METHOD, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. Retrieved from QuestionPro: https://www.questionpro.com/blog/snowball-sampling/
Britannica, T. E. (2018, November 21). Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from Encyclopædia Britannica: https://www.britannica.com/topic/homosexuality
Britannica, T. E. (2019, September 18). Minority. Retrieved from ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA: https://www.britannica.com/topic/minority
Cass, V. C. (May, 1984). Homosexual Identity Formation: Testing a Theoretical Model (Vol. Vol. 20 No. 2 ). Southampton , United Kingdom : Taylor & Francis, Ltd. Retrieved from https://www.jstor.org/stable/3812348?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents
Conti, R. (2018). Discrimination and Entrepreneurship: Evidence From LGBT Rights Laws . Lisbon: IESE Business School.
Davidsson, P. (2004-2016). Researching Entrepreneurship (Vol. 33). Switzerland : Springer International Publishing Switzerland. Retrieved from https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/978-3-319-26692-3.pdf
Delmar, F. &. (2010). Knowledge intensive entrepreneurship: The birth, growth and demise of entrepreneurial firms. UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited .
Deutsch, W. M. (2017, January 28). The State of LGBTQ Entrepreneurship In The U.S. Retrieved from Corner Stone: https://cornerstonecapinc.com/the-state-of-lgbt-entrepreneurship-in-the-us/
Dollinger, M. J. (2008). Entrepreneurship. (L. Rubenstein, Ed.) Lombard, Illinois , U.S.A: Marsh Publications LLC. Retrieved from https://campus.globalnxt.edu.my/FileRepository/Community/15710/195940/doc/Textbook.pdf
Donald L. Sexton, N. B.-U. (1991 ). Entrepreneurship: Craetivity & Growth . New York City : New York : Macmillan, c1991.
Entrepreneur Handbook. (2019, September 8). What is entrepreneurship? (E. Team, Editor) Retrieved from Entrepreneur Handbook: https://entrepreneurhandbook.co.uk/entrepreneurship/
Fairlie, R. W. (2005). Entrepreneurship among Disadvatnaged Groups: An Analysis of the Dynamics of Self-Employment by Gender, Race and Education. Santa Cruz, CA : Kluwer Academic Publishers .
Fiona Colgan, T. W. (2009). Equality and Diversity in the Public Services: Moving Forward on Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Equality. Human Resource Management Journal, 9, 280-301.
Flanagan, A. C. (2017). The Ties That Bind Us: Integrating Male Homosexuality & Entrepreneurship. Lund : Lund University .
Flanagan, A. C. (Spring 2017). The Ties That Bind Us: Integrating Male Hmosexuality & Entrepreneurship. Lund Univeristy: School of Economics and Managament. Lund, Sweden : Lund Univeristy: School of Economics and Managament. Retrieved from http://lup.lub.lu.se/luur/download?func=downloadFile&recordOId=8914673&fileOId=8914674
Galloway, L. (2011). The Experiences of mal gay business owners in the UK . International Small Business Journal , 890-906.
Goldberg, S. K. (2020, February 24). Who Identifies as Queer? A Study Looks at the Partnering Patterns of Sexual Minority Populations. APA Journals Article Spotlight, 1. Retrieved from https://www.apa.org/pubs/highlights/spotlight/issue-175
Gwen Richtermeyer, P. (2002). Minority Entrepreneurs:A Review of Current Literature . Missouri : University of Missouri . Retrieved from https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/691e/b395860342a30ace6ba8c5fbd4d57336134f.pdf
Haar, E. R. (2012). The Future of Entrepreneurship in Latin America. Costa Rica: Palgrave Macmillan.
Harrison, J. (2014, June 3 ). The Washington Post . Retrieved from Black, Hispanic entrepreneurs discriminated against when seeking small business loans: https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/on-small-business/black-hispanic-entrepreneurs-discriminated-against-when-seeking-small-business-loans/2014/06/03/70059184-ea86-11e3-9f5c-9075d5508f0a_story.html
Hayfield, N. J. (2011). Bisexual Women's Visual Identities: A Feminist Mixed-Methods Exploration . Bristol : University of the West of England, Bristol. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/HAYFIELD%20LIBRARY%20THESIS.pdf
INC. EDITORIAL, I. S. (2010, May 22 ). Women Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from Inc.: https://www.inc.com/encyclopedia/minority-owned-businesses.html
Josephine Lourdes De Rose, L. S. (2019, October ). Transgender Entrepreneurs. International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering, 193-195.
Kirzner, I. M. (1973). Competition & Entrepreneurship. Chicago , United States of America : The Univeristy of Chicago Press . Retrieved from https://books.google.com.tw/books?hl=es&lr=&id=jLc3CgAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PR5&dq=entrepreneurship&ots=zI9z_BIsFS&sig=ZLCXRvWA6uJNxYEvjHtSYQehsp4&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=entrepreneurship&f=false
Kollen, T. B. (2012). The Significance of the LGBT - Community for Homosexual Entrepreneurs - Influencing Factors and Consequences. European Conference on Innovation and Entrepreneurship (pp. 394-403). Vienna : Academic Publishing International Limited .
Minet Schindehutte, M. H. (2005, February ). Homosexuality and Entrepreneurship: Implications of Gay Identity for the Venture-Creation Experience. International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation , 27-38. Retrieved from file:///C:/Users/user/Downloads/Homosexualityandentrepreneurship.pdf
Parmar, D. (2016, July 9). Do This Instead: Why Education Doesn’t Equal Entrepreneurial Success. Retrieved from Business.com: https://www.business.com/articles/why-education-doesnt-equal-entrepreneurial-success/
Patel, S. (2015, September 28). The 12 Characteristics of Successful Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from Entrepreneur: https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/250564
Politis, D. (2005). The Process of Entrepreneurial Learning: A Conceptual Framework . SAGE Journals: Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice , 399-424.
Raffaele Conti, O. K. (2018). Discrimination and Entrepreneurship: Evidence From LGBT Rights Laws. London : London Business School & IESE Business School .
Richtermeyer, G. (2002). Minority Entrepreneurs: A Review of Current Literature . Missouri : Univeristy of Missouri, Lincoln University .
Robinson, P. &. (1994, March 1). The effect of education and experience on self-employment success. Journal of Business Venturing, 9, 9. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222889233_The_effect_of_education_and_experience_on_self-employment_success
Rumens, N. &. (2009). Gay Men At Work: Reconstructing the self as professional. Human Relation , 763-786.
Shindehutt, M. M. (2005). Homosexuality and entrepreneurship: Implications of gay identity for the venture-creation expierence . The International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation , 27-40.
Suraiya, M. L. (2017, August ). Inhibitions of Transgender Entrepreneurs with Reference to Combatore District. International Journal of Engineering & Scientific Research, 31-32.
Varnell, P. (2001, July 18). What Gay Entrepreneurs Contribute. Retrieved from Chicago Free Press.: https://igfculturewatch.com/2001/07/18/what-gay-entrepreneurs-contribute/
Vossos, T. (2017, April 17). What Is a Narrative Perspective? Retrieved from Pen & The Pad: https://penandthepad.com/narrative-perspective-8722941.html
WANG, M. L. (2019). Immigrants and entrepreneurship. University of Oklahoma, USA. Oklahoma : IZA World of Labor . Retrieved from https://wol.iza.org/uploads/articles/490/pdfs/immigrants-and-entrepreneurship.pdf?v=1
Willsdon, J. (2005). Homosexual entrepreneurs: Different but the same. The Irish Journal of Managment , 107-121.
Wines, C. (2018, September 7). Why Immigrants Are Natural Entrepreneurs. Retrieved from Forbes : https://www.forbes.com/sites/catherinewines/2018/09/07/why-immigrants-are-natural-entrepreneurs/#159425b7651d
Women, N. A. (2015). Top 5 Reasons for Women to Become Entrepreneurs. The Business Journals, 1. Retrieved from https://www.bizjournals.com/bizwomen/channels/partners/national-association-of-professional-women/2015/11/top-5-reasons-for-women-to-become-entrepreneurs.html?page=all
WYDLER, A. (2016, August 10). The Power of Being an Out Entrepreneur. Retrieved from Advocate : https://www.advocate.com/business/2016/8/10/power-being-out-entrepreneur
Ying-Che Hsieh & Victoria Maria Jose Molina, J. W. (2019). The Road to Entrepreneurship with Impairments: A Challenges-adaptive Mechanisms-Results Model for Disabled Entrepreneurs. International Small Business Journal, 761-779.
Z.Layton-Henry. (2001). International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences Chapter: Minorities. Coventry, United Kingdom : Elsevier. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B0080430767019185