臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

微生物岩（microbialite）是由底棲性微生物群落進行生理活動時將碎屑沉積物凝聚礦化，產生的生物性沉積岩。新生代礁體微生物岩（reefal microbial crusts, RMCs）相對罕見，是近二十年才被發現存在於珊瑚礁生態系統之微生物岩，珊瑚礁生存於含氧、寡營養之清澈海水，而微生物岩則需在較混濁且具營養鹽來源的條件得以大量生長，亦即珊瑚礁及微生物岩代表著迥異之環境條件。過去研究認為硫酸還原細菌（sulfate-reducing bacteria, SRB）主導礦化作用進行，但仍無法完善解釋礁體微生物岩的形成機制與不均勻空間分布。有鑑於此，本研究結合分子生物學和地質學建立菲律賓Maydonlong全新世珊瑚礁、微生物岩及沉積物之微生物群落和產狀，以全新的切入點釐清新生代礁體微生物岩形成機制與環境條件。研究結果顯示，Maydonlong岩芯產狀為珊瑚礁包裹著細顆粒、無骨架堆疊的凝結狀球粒（peloids），具有固定的產狀排列方式，最內層為薄層層狀微生物岩；第二層為主體之柱狀微生物岩；最外層為薄層樹突狀微生物岩。生物礦化作用（Microbial precipitation）為礁體微生物岩主要沉積因素，珊瑚礁存在、種類或接觸與否不影響其發育。微生物群落由Proteobacteria、Actinobacteriota和Firmicutes組成。生物礦化作用以Alphaproteobacteria等紫色非硫光合菌（purple non-sulfur bacteria）異營光合作用菌為主，降解尿素及硝酸鹽還原作用菌為輔，並且礁體微生物岩含有更高豐度及多樣性的Gammaproteobacteria與Bacilli。礁體微生物岩形成之微環境指示為不直接受光照的洞穴，其可能生成於珊瑚死亡後，珊瑚礁持續堆疊於富含有機質並有水體流入的低氧低光照的暮光帶（twilight zone），光通量應在7.8 µmol photon·m−2 s−1附近，溶解氧量則介於3-25 µM，珊瑚與礁體微生物岩可同時發育於不同空間之珊瑚礁生態系統。值得一提的是過去普遍認為Cyanobacteria是微生物岩主導者，在本研究中其含量極少且沒有發揮主導的角色。本研究以跨領域的研究方式提出一個全新的觀點，認為新生代礁體微生物岩為新型非藍綠菌主導之微生物岩，乃是由紫色非硫光合細菌主導生物礦化並建造微生物岩，珊瑚和微生物岩存在於暮光區之珊瑚礁生態系統，為環境判讀提供新穎的解答。

Microbiallites are biogenic sedimentary rocks formed by bacteria and archaea which through the physiochemical activities and biomineralization. It is recognized that Cyanobacteria are the most important dominator forming many types of microbialites from Cambrian to present. Reefal microbial crusts (RMCs) are a new occurrence of thrombolites, coating coralgal reef frameworks in late Quaternary reef deposits. Its unique characteristic and random distribution puzzle the researchers still. This study aims to investigate the environmental significance of Holocene RMCs in Maydonlong, Philippines. From the occurrence, it is speculated that RMCs were not formed with living corals at the same time. The study infer the paleoenvironment conditions during the development of RMCs by establishing bacterial community data of corals, microbialites and sediments. The Maydonlong RMCs exhibits a depositional pattern consisting mainly of peloids, which are fine-grained, non-skeletal thrombolite. Based on the sedimentary conditions, it is determined that the RMCs in Maydonlong are mainly formed by microbial precipitation. The presence, species, or contact of corals do not affect the development of RMCs. RMCs shows a specific occurrence. The innermost layer consists of thin-layered stromatolite, followed by thrombolite as the mainly composition and thin-layered dendrolite on the outer surface. The microbial community of RMCs is composed by Proteobacteria, Actinobacteriota and Firmicutes. Biomineralization is primarily affected by purple non-sulfur bacteria, such as Alphaproteobacteria, which through heterotrophic photosynthesis. Urea degradation and nitrate reduction bacteria play a supportive role. RMCs exhibit higher abundance and diversity of Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli. However, Cyanobacteria, considered the dominantor of microbialite builders commonly, are relatively negligible. The microenvironment of RMCs suggests cave-like conditions with low light exposure and organic-rich substrates, limited oxygen supply through inflow. Corals and RMCs can coexist in different spatial positions within coral reef ecosystems. RMCs may develop in the twilight zone, characterized by low oxygen and low light conditions with coral reef continuous stacking. The light flux is estimated to be around 7.8 µmol photon·m−2 · s−1, and dissolved oxygen range from 3 to 25 µM under low-oxygen conditions. This study presents a novel perspective that Holocene RMCs are mainly formed by purple non-sulfur bacteria and other none-Cyanobacteria community. This proposes a new environmental indicator for interpreting microbialite formation.

一、緒論
二、前人研究
三、研究方法
（一）研究樣本
（二）研究儀器
（三）研究步驟
1. 薄片觀察及岩芯繪製
2. 樣本前處理
3. 核酸萃取（Extraction of DNA）
4. 核酸擴增及純化（PCR and Purification of DNA）
5. 添加DNA條形碼（DNA barcode）
6. 次世代定序（Next Generation Sequencing）基因庫分析與數據處理
四、研究結果
（一）岩芯序列
（二）岩石薄片岩相分析
（三）微生物群落分析結果
（四）藻類存在調查
五、討論
（一）沉積物及藻類對照結果
（二）岩芯柱及岩相意義
（三）微生物主導之生物礦化作用
（四）微生物組成代表意義
（五）RMCs生長位置、年代及古環境
六、結論
七、參考文獻

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