臺灣博碩士論文加值系統

近年來，許多研究顯示聆聽音樂會對腦波造成影響。本研究聚焦在透過 觀察聆聽不同類型音樂的腦波，研究不同類型的音樂是否會對腦波產生不 同的影響。本研究以音樂刺激程度與情感來分類音樂類型，使用可顯示腦電 圖(EEG)的簡易傳感器 MindWave Mobile 做為主要感測元件，偵測在聆聽音 樂下的腦波資料。並以本研究的實驗模組進行實驗和資料處理，最後以 T 檢 定(T-Test)做為主要驗證工具。實驗結果證實，音樂刺激度較小的「莫札特 -D 大調雙鋼琴奏鳴曲，作品 448，第二樂章」與「貝多芬-給愛麗絲」能讓 α波顯著提升，音樂刺激度較大的搖滾樂與金屬樂則不顯著。α波的提升能 幫助人類放鬆心靈、紓解壓力、提升專注等效用。

In recent years, many studies have shown that music affects brain waves. This study focuses on observing brain waves when the subject is listening to different types of music to verify whether different types of music have different effects on brain waves. We classify Music by arousal-score and valence-score and select four types of music for our experiments. Then MindWave Mobile is adopted as the primary sensing component, which is a sensor for detecting brain wave and output the electroencephalogram(EEG). The collected brain wave data was tested and processed by the experimental module of this study. Finally, We use T-Test as the tool to evaluate the effects of music on brain waves. In the experimental results, the "W. A. Mozart: Sonata in D Major for two Pianos, KV 448, 2nd mvt" and "Beethoven - Für Elise" with lower arousal-score increase alpha wave significantly while Rock music and metal music with higher arousal score don’t. The activation of alpha waves can help humans relax their minds, relieve stress, and increase their concentration.

目錄
摘要 I
Abstract II
目錄 III
表目錄 V
圖目錄 VI
第一章 緒論 1
1.1 研究背景 1
1.2 研究動機 2
1.3 研究目的 3
1.4 論文架構 3
第二章 文獻探討 4
2.1 音樂對主觀感受的影響 4
2.2 腦波與腦波頻譜分析 5
2.3 音樂對腦波之影響 7
2.3.1 聽音樂時左右腦波有何影響 8
2.3.2 電子音樂對腦波之影響 9
2.3.3 古典音樂對腦波之影響 9
2.3.4 音樂結束後對腦波之影響 9
2.4 不同音樂情境對腦波之影響 10
2.4.1 先聽電子音樂後再聽古典音樂對腦波之影響 10
2.4.2 先聽古典音樂後再聽電子音樂對腦波之影響 10
2.4.3 不同樂器對腦波之影響 10
2.5 音樂對腦波的其他相關研究 11
2.6 Dimensional Sentiment Analysis介紹 13
第三章 研究方法 14
第四章 實驗與結果 18
4.1 實驗素材選擇 18
4.2 T檢定P值計算過程 19
4.3 實驗資料收集整理 22
4.4 實驗結果分析 26
4.4.1 α波實驗結果分析 26
4.4.2 β波實驗結果分析 28
4.4.4 θ波實驗結果分析 32
4.4.5 γ波實驗結果分析 34
第五章 結論 36
參考文獻 37

表目錄
表1.常見腦波介紹 7
表2.莫札特-D大調雙鋼琴奏鳴曲，作品448，第二樂章的腦波數據 22
表3.貝多芬-給愛麗絲的腦波數據 23
表4.Blur-Song 2的腦波數據 24
表5.Napalm Death-Procrastination On The Empty Vessel的腦波數據 25
表6.不同類型音樂的High α波比較 26
表7.不同類型音樂的Low α波比較 27
表8.不同類型音樂的α波T檢定 27
表9.不同類型音樂的High β波比較 28
表10.不同類型音樂的Low β波比較 29
表11.不同類型音樂的β波T檢定 29
表12.不同類型音樂的δ波比較 31
表13.不同類型音樂的δ波T檢定 31
表14.不同類型音樂的θ波比較 32
表15.不同類型音樂的θ波T檢定 33
表16.不同類型音樂的High γ波比較 34
表17.不同類型音樂的Low γ波比較 35
表18.不同類型音樂的γ波T檢定 35

圖目錄
圖1.本實驗之測試音樂在DEAP資料庫中四象限的位置 15
圖2.蒐集數據流程 16
圖3.蒐集到的腦波原始資料 19
圖4.標準差計算 19
圖5.經整理後的莫札特-D大調雙鋼琴奏鳴曲實驗數據 20
圖6.T檢定計算 20
圖7.將進行T檢定計算第一組實驗數據 21
圖8.將進行T檢定計算第二組實驗數據 21

參考文獻
[1]Barbara E.Swartz(1998), “The advantages of digital over analog recording techniques,” Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology, vol. 106 Issue 2, pp.113-117.
[2]Caton, Richard(1875), “The electric currents of the brain,” British Medical Journal, vol. 2, pp.278.
[3]Anton Coenen, Edward Fine, Oksana Zayachkivska(2014), “Adolf Beck: A forgotten pioneer in electroencephalography,” Journal of the History of the Neurosciences, vol. 23 Issue 3, pp. 276–286.
[4]Vladimir Pravdich-Neminsky(1913), “Ein Versuch der Registrierung der elektrischen Gehirnerscheinungen,” Zentralblatt für Physiologie, vol. 27, pp. 951–960.
[5]Hans Berger(1929), “Uber das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol.87, no.1, pp.527-570.
[6]D. V. Poltavski(2015), “The use of single-electrode wireless EEG in biobehavioral investigations,” Methods in Molecular Biology, pp.375-390.
[7]Jonathan C. Smith and Carol A. Joyce(2004), “Mozart versus New Age Music: Relaxation States, Stress, and ABC Relaxation Theory,” Journal of Music Therapy, vol.41, no.3, pp.215-224.
[8]Shao-Kuo Tai, Chong-Yan Liao and Rung-Ching Chen(2017), “Exploration of multi-brainwave system mainframe design,” ICIC International, Volume 8, Number 9(tentative).
[9]Jakob Pietschnig, Martin Voracek and Anton K. Formann(2010), “Mozart effect–Shmozart effect: A meta-analysis,” Intelligence vol.38, pp.314-323.
[10]Verrusio W et al.(2015), “The Mozart Effect: A quantitative EEG study,” Consciousness and Cognition vol.35, pp.150-155.
[11]H. Berger(1933), “Uber das elektrenkephalogramm des menschen,” European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, vol.98, no.1, pp.231-254.
[12]E. Ba¸sar(1988), Dynamics of Sensory and Cognitive Processing by the Brain, Germay: Springer Berlin Heidelberg.
[13]Stefan Koelsch and Walter A Siebel(2005), “Towards a neural basis of music perception, ” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.9, no.12, pp.578-584.
[14]Juslin, P. N. and Sloboda, J. A.(2001), Series in affective science.Music and emotion: Theory and research, Oxford University Press.
[15]Mona Lisa Chanda and Daniel Levitin(2013), “The neurochemistry of music, ” Trends in Cognitive Sciences, vol.17, no.4, pp.179-193.
[16]Chen LC, Wang TF, Shih YN and Wu LJ(2013), “Fifteen-minute music intervention reduces pre-radiotherapy anxiety in oncology patients, ” European journal of oncology nursing : the official journal of European Oncology Nursing Society, vol.17, pp.436-441.
[17]Ogata S.(1995), “Human EEG responses to classical music and simulated white noise: effects of a musical loudness component on consciousness, ” Perceptual and motor skills, vol.80, pp.779-790.
[18]Spencer JA, Moran DJ, Lee A and Talbert D(1990), “White noise and sleep induction, ” Archives of disease in childhood, vol.65, pp.135-137.
[19]Zimmer EZ, Jakobi P, Talmon R, Shenhav R and Weissman A(1993),“White noise does not induce fetal sleep, ” Fetal diagnosis and therapy, vol.8, pp.209-210.
[20]Wan-Ching Wu(2014), “Effects of Classical Music on Cerebral Rhythms, Autonomic Function and Subjective Feelings,” Master Thesis, Institute of Brain Science National Yang-Ming University.
[21]Neckelmann D, Ursin R(1993), “Sleep stages and EEG power spectrum in relation to acoustical stimulus arousal threshold in the rat, ” Sleep, vol.16, pp.467-477.
[22]Naylor E, Bergmann BM, Krauski K, Zee PC, Takahashi JS, Vitaterna MH, Turek FW(2000), “The circadian clock mutation alters sleep homeostasis in the mouse, ” The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience, vol.20, pp.8138-8143.
[23]Grastyan E, Karmos G, Vereczkey L, Kellenyi L(1966), “The hippocampal electrical correlates of the homeostatic regulation of motivation, ” Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, vol.21, pp.34-53.
[24]Torsvall L, Akerstedt T(1987), “Sleepiness on the job: continuously measured EEG changes in train drivers, ” Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology, vol.66, pp.502-511.
[25]Yun-tzai Liao(2007),“ Brain Wave Real Time Monitoring System: The influence of music on brain wave,” Master Thesis, Institute of Electronic Engineering National Yunlin University of Science & Technology in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Electronic Engineering.
[26]Nair BK, Heim C, Krishnan C, D'Este C, Marley J, Attia J(2011), “The effect of Baroque music on behavioural disturbances in patients with dementia, ” Australasian journal on ageing, vol.30, pp.11-15.
[27]Koelsch S, Mulder J(2002), “Electric brain responses to inappropriate harmonies during listening to expressive music, ” Clinical neurophysiology : official journal of the International Federation of Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.113, pp.862-869.
[28]Rauscher FH, Shaw GL, Ky KN(1993), “Music and spatial task performance, ” Nature, pp.365-611.
[29]Jenkins JS(2001), “The Mozart effect, ” Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, vol.94, pp. 170-172.
[30]Shih Y-n, Hwang M-T, Chiang H-s(2003), “A comparison of the reducing effects of different background music upon the inappropriate behavior of the patients receiving psychological occupational therapy, ” New Taipei Journal of Medicine, vol.5, pp.39-47.
[31]Shih Y-N, Chiang H-S(2004), “Effects of Different Musical Wave Types on the EEG: A Pilot Case Study, ” Fu-Jen Journal of Medicine, vol.2, pp.213-217.
[32]Lin LC, Lee WT, Wu HC, Tsai CL, Wei RC, Jong YJ, Yang RC(2010), “Mozart K.448 and epileptiform discharges: effect of ratio of lower to higher harmonics, ” Epilepsy research, vol.89, pp.238-245.
[33]Gerra, G. et al.(1998), “Neuroendocrine responses of healthy volunteers to 'techno-music': relationships with personality traits and emotional state, ” International Journal of Psychophysiology, vol.28, no.1, pp.99-111.
[34]Bhattacharya, J., Petsche, H.(2001), “Universality in the brain while listening to music”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, vol.268, pp.2423-2433.
[35]Charnetski, C. J., Brennan, F. X., Harrison, J. F.(1998), “Effect of music and auditory stimuli on secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA)”, Perceptual & Motor Skills, 87(3 Pt 2), pp.1163-70.
[36]Koelsch, S., Mulder, J.(2002), “Electric brain responses to inappropriate harmonies during listening to expressive music”, Clinical Neurophysiology, vol.113, pp.862-869.
[37]Hernandez-Reif, M., Diego, M., Field, T.(2006), “Instrumental and vocal music effects on EEG and EKG in neonates of depressed and non-depressed mothers”, Infant Behavior & Development, pp.518-525.
[38]Loewy, J., Hallan, C., Friedman, E., Martinez, C.(2006), “Sleep/Sedation in Children Undergoing EEG Testing: A Comparison of Chloral Hydrate and Music Therapy”, American journal of electroneurodiagnostic technology, vol.46, no.4, pp.343-55.
[39]S. Oh, P. S. Kumar, H. Kwon and V. K. Varadan(2012), “Wireless brain-machine interface using EEG and EOG: Brain wave classification and robot control,” Proc. of SPIE – The International Society for Optical Engineering.
[40]Sander Koelstra et al.(2012), “DEAP: A Database for Emotion Analysis ;Using Physiological Signals,” IEEE Transactions on Affective Computing, vol. 3 Issue 1, pp.18-31.